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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution
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descent with modification
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natural selection
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individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring then individuals with other traits
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paleontology
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study of fossils
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catastrophism
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the geologic forces are no longer at work today
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uniformitarianism
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mechanisms of change are constant over time
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adaptation
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characteristics of an organism that increase survival and reproductive chances
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artificial selection
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humans choose what breeds with what
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biogeography
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geographic distribution of species
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gradualism
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?-- is the belief that changes occur, or ought to occur, slowly in the form of gradual steps
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homology
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similarity resulting from common ancestor; homologous structures
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importance of LInnaeus's system of taxonomy on the study of evolution
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-developed bionomial nomenclature
-scala naturae -grouped species by similarity; similar to phylogenic tree, which shows ancestral relatives |
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outline points of lamarck's ideas about evolution
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-'how' life changes over time
-discovered match between organisms and their environments based on fossil records -use and disuse -inheritance of acquired traits -organisms want to be more complex |
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influence of Lyell's work on darwin's ideas about evolution
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-uniformitariansims
-darwin thought that if geologic events occured slowly, earth is old -applied slowness to evolutionary change |
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2 points of darwinism
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1. descent with modification
--life's diversity/unity 2.natural selection --match between organ./environ. |
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how are biogeography, fossil record, comparitive anatomy used in analyzing concept of evolution?
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-biogeo: organisms can be connected by their locations, drift of continents
-fossils: different layers of strata show changes in organism over time -c.a. homolgous structures can be used to relate organims to each other through common ancestors |
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explain: "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
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evolutionarily derived traits tend to occur in embryological development; not in adults as stated by lamarck
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describe how advances in technology have affected evolutionary theory
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its now possible to compare DNA of organisms to see if they are related and how they've evolved
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microevolution
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change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
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population
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group of same species organisms that share a gene pool and have gene flow occuring; interbreeding organisms
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species
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smallest unit of taxonomic rank;morphologically,phylogenically, ecological,
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gene pool
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all alleles for loci in all individuals of population
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genetic drift
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chance events in small populations can cause allele frequencies to change unpredictably from one generation to the next
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bottleneck affect
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drastic decrease in population size leads to overrepresentation/underrepresentation of alleles in new population by chance only (chickens in illinois)
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gene flow
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transfer of alleles into or out of a population
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inbreeding
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mating within species?
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polymorphism
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2 or more of a phenotype exsists in a species
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geographical variation
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differences in the genetic composistion of spearate populations
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cline
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a graded change in a character along a geographic axis;; the fish in the cold to warm waters (north to south)
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mutation
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change in a nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA; cannot be predicted
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diploidy
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2 sets of chromosomes
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heterozygous advantage
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heterozygotes have an advantage; therefore there are more of them than homozygotes
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directional selection
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occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character; whole belcurve moves left or right
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stabilizing selection
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acts against extremes of phenotypes; belcurve gets tall
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disruptive selection
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occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range over individuals of intermediate phenotypes; belcurve goes down in middle
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importance of population genetics to evolution
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populations evolve; not individuals.so if the genes of a population begin to shift, that population is evolving
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neutral variatoin
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changes in neucleotide sequences that dont affect anything; not positive or negative
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list condition underwhich hardy weinberg is met
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1. no mutation
2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. extremely large population 5. no gene flow |
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describe how genetics, paleobiology, taxonomy, and biogeography have influenced our study of evolution
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genetics-shows changes in populations dna sequences
paleo--no clue taxonomy--relates species to each other biogeography-changes in location can cause changes in populations |
