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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cluster Sample |
sample chosen randomly from clusters identified in the population |
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Haphazard/Volunteer Sample |
sample chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen |
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Population |
a group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study |
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Sample |
the group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research study |
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Response Rate |
the % of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey |
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Simple Random Sample |
sample chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected |
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Bar Graph |
a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where the bar height represents the size of the mean |
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Degrees of Freedom |
number of scores that can vary in the calculations of a statistic |
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Inferential Stats |
a set of statistical procedures used by researchers to test hypotheses about populations |
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Null Hypothesis |
the hypothesis that an effect or relationship does not exist (or exists in the opposite direction of the alternative hypothesis) in the population |
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One-Tailed Hypothesis |
only one direction of an effect or relationship is predicted in the alternative hypothesis of the test |
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Power |
ability of a significance test to detect an effect or relationship when one exists (equal to 1-the probability of a Type II error) |
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Standard Deviation |
a measure representing the average difference between the scores and the mean of a distribution |
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Type I Error |
error made in a significance test when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis that is actually true |
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p Value |
probability value associated with an inferential test that indicates the likelihood of obtaining the data in a study when the null hypothesis is true |
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Casual Research Question |
a research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur |
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Abstract |
a summary of an article that appears at the beginning of an article and in searchable data bases of journal articles |
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Method |
section of an APA style article that describes the participants, design, stimuli, apparatus, and procedure used in the study |
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Attrition/Mortality |
occurs when participants choose not to complete a study |
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Cronbach's Alpha |
method of testing scores internal consistency that indicates the average correlation between scores on all pairs of items on a survey |
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Test-Retest Reliability |
indicates that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more then once |
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Social Desirability Bias |
bias created in survey responses from respondents desire to be viewed more favorably by others, typically resulting in overreporting of "positive" behaviors and underreporting of "negative" behaviors |
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Psychometrics |
area of psychological research that involves the development, validation, and refinement of surveys and tests to measure psychological constructs |
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Factorial Design |
an experimental or quasi-experiment that includes more then one independent variable |
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Post Hoc Tests |
additional significance tests conducted to determine which means are significantly different for a main effect |
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Convenience/Purposive Sample |
sample chosen such that the probability of an individual being chosen cannot be determined |
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Probability Sample |
sample chosen such that individuals are chosen with a specific probability |
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Sampling Error |
the difference btw the observations in a population and in the sample that represents that represents that pop in a study |
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Stratified Random Sample |
sample chosen from the pop such that the proportion of inds w/ a particular characteristic is equivalent in the pop and sample |
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Line graph |
a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where each mean is graphed as a point and the points are connected in a line to show differences btw mean scores |
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Frequency Distribution |
a graph of a distribution showing the frequency of each response in the distribution |
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Descriptive stats |
measures that help us summarize data sets |
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Two tailed hypothesis |
both directions of an effect or relationship are considered in the alternative hypothesis of the test |
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Variance |
the standard deviation of a distribution squared |
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Type II error |
error made in a significance test when the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis that is actually false |
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Predictive Research Question |
a research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behavior |
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Intro |
a section of APA style article that introduces the topic of the study, reviews relevant background studies, and presents predictions for the data |
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Results |
section of APA article that presents the summary of the results and the statistical tests of the predictions |
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Critierion related validity |
determining the validity of the scores of a survey by examining the relationship btw the survey scores and other established measures of the behavior of interest |
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non response error |
a sampling error that occurs when the individuals chosen for the sample do not respond to the survey, biasing the sample |
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split half reliability |
method of testing scores internal consistency that indicates if the scores are similar on different sets of questions on a survey that addresses similar topics |
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main effect |
test of the differences btw all means for each level of an ind variable in an ANOVA |