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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tything (tithing) |
In medieval England, a collective group of 10 families that pledged to help one another & provide mutual aid. |
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hue & cry |
In medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger |
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hundred |
In medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order & trying minor offenses |
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shire reeve |
In early England, the chief law enforcement official in a county, forerunner of today's sheriff |
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sheriff |
The chief law enforcement officer in a county |
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watch system |
In medieval England, groups of men who organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances & breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable. |
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constable |
In early English towns, an appointed peacekeeper who organized citizens for protection & supervised the night watch |
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justice of the peace |
Official appointed to act as the judicial officer in a county |
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Metropolitan Police Act |
Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London |
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Vigilantes |
In the Old West, members of a vigilance committee or posse called upon to capture cattle thieves or other felons. |
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Wickersham Commission |
Formally known as the National Commission on Law Observance & Enforcement, a commission created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to study the U.S. criminal justice system, including the police |
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community policing |
A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime & gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service & decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, & an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, & decay |
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The U.S. Department of Justice is the... |
legal arm of the federal government |
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
The arm of the Justice Department that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime stats, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, & helps train local law enforcement officers |
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What the FBI Investigates |
1. Terrorism 2. Counterintelligence 3. Cyber Crime 4. Public Corruption 5. Civil Rights 6. Organized Crime 7. White-Collar Crime 8. Financial Institution Fraud & Failures 9. Violent Crime & Major Thefts |
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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) |
1. Customs & Border Protection (CBP) 2. Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE) ------------The Office of Investigations ------------The Office of Detention & Removal Operations ------------The Office of Intelligence ------------The Office of International Affairs (OIA) 3. The Secret Service |
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private policing |
Crime prevention, detection, & the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organization or individuals for commercial purposes |
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data mining |
Using sophisticated computer software to conduct analysis of behavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns & link them to suspects |
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Enclosed Space Detection System (ESDS) |
It works by detecting the motion of the vehicle caused by the shock wave produced by a beating heart. |
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thermal imager |
A device that detects radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, used in law enforcement to detect variations in temperature (warm images stand out against cool backgrounds) |
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high-defintion surveying (HDS) |
creates a visual crime scene that allows investigators to maneuver every piece of evidence |
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biometrics |
Automated method of recognizing person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic |
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DNA profiling |
The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene |
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Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems |
AFIS can classify fingerprints & identify up to 250 characters of the print |
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Police Organization |
Police Officer Detective specialist Detective investigator Sergeant Lieutenant Captain Deputy inspector Inspector Deputy chic Assistant chief Bureau chief Chief of department Deputy commissioner First deputy commissioner Police commissioner |
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time-in-rank system |
The promotion system in which a police officer can advance in rank only after spending a prescribed amount of time in the preceding rank |
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beats |
Designated police patrol areas |
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order maintenance (peacekeeping) |
Maintaining order & authority without the need for formal arrest ("handling the situation") - keeping things under control by means of threats, persuasion, & understanding |
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protective policing |
An aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers , take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur. For example, they stop motor vehicles to issue citations & aggressively arrest & detain suspicious persons. |
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broken windows model |
the role of the police as maintainers of community order & safety |
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procedural justice |
A concern with making decisions that are arrived at through procedures viewed as fair |
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broken windows model: |
1. Neighborhood disorder creates fear 2. Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals 3. Police need to aggressively argot low-level "quality of life" crimes |
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vice squads |
Police units assigned to enforce morality-based laws, such as those addressing prostitution, gambling, & pornography |
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sting operation |
Organized groups of detectives who deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity |
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community-oriented policing |
Programs designed to bring police & public closer together & create a more cooperative environment between them |
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foot patrol |
Police patrol that takes officers out of cars & puts them on a walking beat to strengthen ties with the community |
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The Challenges of Community Policing |
Defining community Defining roles Changing supervisor attitudes Reorienting police values Revising training Reorienting recruitment Reaching out to every community |
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problem-oriented policing (POP) |
A style of police management that stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting |
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hot spots of crime |
The relatively few locations-bars, malls, the bus depot, hotels, & creation apartment buildings-from which a significant portion of police calls typically originate in metropolitan areas |
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displacement |
An effect that occurs when criminals move from an area targeted for increased olive presence to another that is less well protected |
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intelligence-led policing (ILP) |
The collection & analysis of information to generate an "intelligence end product" designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical & the strategic level |
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tactical intelligence |
Gaining or developing information related to threats of terrorism or crime & using this information to apprehend offenders, harden targets, & use strategies that will eliminate or mitigate the threat |
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strategic intelligence |
Information about the changing nature of certain problems & threats for the purpose of developing response strategies & reallocation resources |
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National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) |
A formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identifies the security & intelligence-sharing needs recognized in thew ale of the 9/11 terrorist attacks |
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fusion center |
A mechanism to exchange information & intelligence, maximize, & improve the ability to fight crime and terrorism by analyzing data from a variety of sources |
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internal affairs |
The police unit that investigates allegations of police misconduct. |
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police productivity |
The amount of order maintenance, crime control, & other law enforcement activities provided by individual police officers & concomitantly by police departments as a whole |
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double marginality |
According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both minority group members & law enforcement officers |
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blue curtain |
The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society |
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cynicism |
That belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs & selfishness |
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police styles |
The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to being a hard-charging crime fighter |
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The Watchman |
characterized by an emphasis on the maintenance of public order as the police goal, not on law enforcement or general service |
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discretion |
The use of personal decision making & choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system |
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low-visibilty decision making |
Decision making by police officers that is not subject to administrative review- for example, a decision not to arrest someone or not to stop a speeding vehicle |
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overload hypothesis |
The theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload increases, less time & attention can be devoted to new cases, especially petty crimes |
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demeanor |
The way a person outwardly manifests his or her personality |
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police brutality |
Actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks, & stopping & searching people to harass them |
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corruption |
Exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals |
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Knapp Commission |
A public body that conducted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s & uncovered a widespread network of payoffs & bribes |
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meat eater |
A term used to describe a police officer who actively solicits bribes & vigorously engages in corrupt practices |
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grass eater |
A term used to describe a police officer who accepts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be solicited by the public |
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Mollen Commission |
An investigative unit set up to inquire into police corruption in New York City in the 1990s. |
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accountability system |
A system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command |
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The Causes of Corruption |
Police personality Institutions & practices Moral ambivalence Environmental conditions Corrupt departments Officer characteristics |
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deadly force |
The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument, resulting in a high probability of death |
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Factors Related to Police Shootings |
Local & national violence levels Exposure to violence Workload Firearms availability Social conflict Administrative policies Race |
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nondeadly force |
Force that is unlikely to cause death or significant bodily harm |
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excited delirium |
An overdose of adrenaline that can occur in heated confrontations with the police |
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impact munitions |
Less-lethal weapons that are used to stun or otherwise incapacitate uncooperative suspects so they can be subdued. Examples include rubber bullets & bean bag projectiles |
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Taser |
A nonlethal conducted energy device that administers a shock to an uncooperative suspect by way of an electrified dart. |
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National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial |
The nation's monument to police officers who have died in the line of duty. |
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search |
A government actor's infringement on a person's reasonable expectations of privacy |
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open field |
Any unoccupied or undeveloped real property outside the curtilage of a home |
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curtilage |
grounds or fields attached to a house |
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arrest |
Occurs when a police officer takes a person into custody or deprives a person of freedom for having allegedly committed a criminal offense |
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search warrant |
An order, issued by a judge, directing officers to conduct a search of specified premises for specified objects |
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arrest warrant |
An order, issued by a judge, directing officers to arrest a particular individual |
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in-presence requirement |
A police officer cannot arrest someone for a misdemeanor unless the officer sees the crime occur. To make an arrest for a crime the officer did not witness, an arrest warrant must be obtained |
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probable cause |
The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant; a set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an offense was committed & that the accused committed that offense |
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particularity |
The requirement that a search warrant state precisely where the search is to take place & what items are to be seized |
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Serving the Warrant |
1. Knock & announce. 2. Keep property damage to a minimum. 3. Use appropriate force. 4. Pay attention to time constraints with search warrants. 5. Limit the scope & manner of searches. 6. No reporters allowed. |
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probable cause hearing |
If a person is subjected to a warrantless arrest, a hearing is held to determine whether probable cause exists that he committed the crime |
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exigent circumstances |
Emergency or urgent circumstances |
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hot pursuit |
A legal doctrine that allows police to perform a warrantless search of premises where they suspect a crime has been committed when delay would endanger their lives or the lives of others & lead to the escape of the alleged perpetrator |
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stop & frisk |
The situation in which police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their hands lightly over the suspect's outer garments to determine whether the person is carrying a concealed weapon; also called a threshold inquiry or pat-down. |
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search incident to a lawful arrest |
An exception to the search warrant rule, limited to the immediate surrounding area |
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bus sweep |
Police investigation technique in which officers board a bus or train without suspicion of illegal activity & question passengers, asking for identification & seeking permission to research their baggage. |
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plain view doctrine |
The principle that evidence in plain view of police officers may be seized without a search warrant |
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Miranda warning |
The requirement that when a person is custodial interrogated, police inform the individual of the right to remain silent, the consequences of failing to remain silent, & the constitutional right to counsel |
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public safety doctrine |
The principle that a suspect can be questioned in the field without a Miranda warning if the information the police seek is needed to protect public safety |
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booking |
The administrative record an arrest, listing the offender's name, address, physical description, date of birth, employer, time of arrest, offense, & name of arresting officer; it also includes photographing & fingerprinting of the offender |
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lineup |
Placing a suspect in a group for the purpose of being viewed & identified by a witness |
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exclusionary rule |
The principle that prohibits using illegally obtained evidence in a trial |
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fruit of the poisonous tree |
Secondary evidence obtained from a search that violates the exclusionary rule |
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good faith exception |
The principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty, as long as the police acted in good faith when they sought the warrant from a judge |
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inevitable discovery rule |
The principle that evidence can be used in court even though the information that led to its discovery was obtained in violation of the Miranda rule if a judge finds it would have been discovered anyway by other means or sources. |