Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Socialization |
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and culture |
|
3 outcomes/goals of socialization |
1. knowledge & skills 2. norms & values 3. develop self and personality |
|
self |
self-awareness and self image. A distinct identity that sets us apart from others |
|
looking-glass self |
A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions |
|
personality |
a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking and feeling |
|
Nature vs. Nurture |
Nature= instinct/biology
Nurture=learned/culture |
|
Agents of socialization |
1. the family 2. school 3. peer groups 4. mass media 5. workplace 6. religion/state |
|
peer groups |
a group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common |
|
mass media |
impersonal communications directed to a vast audience |
|
6 areas of differing socialization |
1. agents of socialization differ 2. more than listed agents (or less) 3. social location - race, class, age, gender 4. generation cohort 5. interaction with agents 6. nature vs. nurture |
|
theoretical explanations of socialization (2 people) |
Freud Mead |
|
Freud |
-Basic drives 1. Eros - life instinct 2. Thanatos-aggression |
|
3 parts of personality (Freud) |
1. id - the human being's basic drives 2. superego - the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual 3. ego - a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with demands of society |
|
Mead |
2 parts of self 1. "I" - biological part of self consisting of inborn impulses. self as a subject 2. "me" - the part of self consisting of attitudes of significant others/society. self as object |
|
3 stages of socialization |
1. Preparatory Stage 2. Play Stage 3. The game stage |
|
Preparatory stage |
pre symbolic stage of self. small infant. engages in imitation. 3-6 months |
|
Play stage
|
acquires symbols and vocabulary. 1-5 years old. One other in one situation while playing |
|
Game Stage |
self is able to take role of many others in one situation when engaging in games |
|
Generalized other stage |
widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves |
|
Social interaction |
the process by which people act and react in relation to others |
|
social structure |
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior the way in which society is organized into predictable relationships |
|
status |
a social position that a person holds |
|
status set |
all the statuses a person holds at a particular time |
|
ascribed states |
social position that a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life |
|
achieved status |
a social position that a person assumes voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort |
|
master status |
status that has special importance for social identity often shaping a person's entire life |
|
role |
behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
|
role conflict |
the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more statuses held by the same person |
|
role strain |
the difficulty that arises when the same status imposes conflicting demands and expectations |
|
5 strategies to reduce role strain (Goode) |
1. compartmentalization 2. delegation 3. elimination 4. extension 5. establish barriers |
|
compartmentalization |
segregate different and contradictory aspects of major life roles from one another -planning |
|
Delegation |
pass on some aspect of role set to subordinates |
|
elimination |
pass on some aspects of role set to peers |
|
extension |
expand role set obligations in order to reduce involvement in difficult or strain producing elements of role set |
|
establish barriers |
produce block and requirement for individuals needing your time and energy |
|
social construction of reality |
the process by which individuals creatively build reality through social interaction |
|
definition of situation |
a person's perception of what is occurring. our picture of reality |
|
Thomas Theorem |
situations that are defined as real become real in the consequences |
|
aligning actions |
largely verbal efforts to create on alignment between the substance of social interaction, self conceptions of those involved, and the culture they share |
|
1. Motive Talk |
telling others why you did something or intend to do something |
|
2. disclaimer |
a verbal device people empty when they want to ward off the negative implications of an impending act |
|
3. accounts |
someone who commits an unacceptable act is asked to explain to satisfy others a) excuses = acknowledge that act is wrong, but deny that the individual was responsible for conduct. b) justification = the person accepts responsibility for the act, but denies that it is undesirable and wrong |
|
4. apology |
the person who commits the unacceptable act admits then expresses remorse for it. |
|
social group |
2 or more people who 1. identify with and 2. interact with one another |
|
category |
people who have some statuses in common (take away interaction) |
|
aggregate |
a number of people who are in the same place at the same time (missing identification) |
|
crowd |
a loosely formed collection of people |
|
primary group |
small group whose members share personal and lasting relationships --family, friends |
|
secondary group |
large group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
|
sensorimotor stage |
Piaget's term at which individuals experience the world only through their senses |
|
concrete operational stage |
Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings |
|
formal operational stage |
Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically |
|
anticipatory socialization |
learning that helps a person achieve a desired position |
|
gerontology |
the study of aging and the elderly |
|
gerontocracy |
a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige |
|
ageism |
prejudice and discrimination against older people |
|
cohort |
a category of people with something in common, usually age |
|
ethnomethodology |
Harold Garfinkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings |
|
dramaturgical analysis |
Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance |
|
Presentation of self |
Erving Goffman's term for a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others. |
|
instrumental leadership |
group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks |
|
expressive leadership |
group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being |
|
groupthink |
the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue |
|
reference group |
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decision |
|
in-group |
a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty. |
|
out-group |
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
|
dyad |
a social group with two members |
|
triad |
a social group with three members |
|
network |
a web of weak social ties |
|
formal organization |
a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently |
|
tradition |
behavior, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
|
rationality |
a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
|
rationalization of society |
the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human though |
|
organizational environment |
factos outside an organization that affect its operation |
|
bureaucracy |
an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
|
bureaucratic ritualism |
a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals |
|
bureucratic intertia |
the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
|
oligarchy |
the rule of the many by the few |
|
scientific management |
Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization |