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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(T/F) - strand RNA viruses need to synthesize + strand RNA before they can undergo translation. |
True |
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(T/F) Penetration of naked viruses into the host cell can occur through either fusion or endocytosis. |
False |
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(T/F) Some viruses can cause cancer when their nucleic acid integrated into the regulatory sequences of a check-point gene, leading to expression of this gene at all times. |
False |
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(T/F) In production of sexual spores, meiosis occurs before nuclear fusion. |
False |
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(T/F) Streptomyces, Penicillium, and Cephalosporium are all fungi that produce antibiotics. |
False |
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(T/F) When check-point.tumor suppressor genes are destroyed by a virus, it is like destroying the brakes of a car. |
True |
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(T/F) For a virus that enters a cell by fusion, the viral envelope must be removed by uncoating inside the cell before synthesis can occur. |
False |
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(T/F) In preparation for surgery, the skin is 'disinfected'. |
False |
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(T/F) Antisepsis can involved either chemicals or physical approaches. |
False |
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(T/F) Penicillin interferes with the formation of the glycocalyx of bacterial cells. |
False |
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(T/F) Tamiflu could be used to interfere with replication of either naked or enveloped viruses. |
False |
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(T/F) Nevirapine would be expected to interfere with host cell transcription. |
False |
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(T/F) Fluoroquinolone is an antibiotic that is often present at high levels in meat, and causes a problem for our digestive systems as it interferes without microflora. |
False |
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Sterilization definition |
Complete removal of all viable microbes, including endospores. Used on inanimates. |
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Disinfection definition |
Removes everything but endospores. Used on inanimates. |
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Antisepsis definition |
Removal of microbes from body surfaces. |
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___ and ____ agents may be used for sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. |
Physical, chemical |
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Heat is a physical method used to destroy microbes by the use of: a) b) c) d) |
a) Incineration b) Autoclave c) Boiling water d) Pasteurization |
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Does incineration kill endospores? |
Yes |
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What does autoclaving do? |
Destroys endospores by steaming under pressure. |
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Does boiling water destroy endospores? |
No |
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How effective is pasteurization? |
It does not kill endospores, viruses, or all bacteria |
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____ and _____ do not destroy microbes, they simply slow microbial growth. |
Cold, desicaiton |
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_____ radiation is bale to destroy all microbes including endospores. |
Ionizing |
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What is an example of ionizing radiation used for? |
Vaccines, drugs, heart valves
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___ radiation has less energy and is not able to kill endospores. |
UV |
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What is an example of UV radiation used for? |
Food and surgery prep |
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Filtration is used to remove microbes from ___ and ____. |
water, air |
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______ (chlorine, iodine, etc) can kill endospores. |
Halogens |
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Alcohol swabs do not kill endospores, but are good for _____. |
Antisepsis |
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_________ has the ability to destroy endospores and is used for skin cuts. |
Hydrogen peroxide |
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Hydrogen peroxide is good for? |
Sterilization |
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____ do not kill microbes, but work by mechanically removing them from various surfaces. |
Detergents |
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Acids and alkali are used for _______ |
Food prep |
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Which of the following is NOT a way that anitmicorbial drugs can be made? a) Nature b) Derived from grass c) Synthetically d) Semi-synthetically |
c) Synthetically |
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Antimicrobial drugs mostly target with of the following? a) Cell wall of bacteria b) Nucleic acid synthesis c) Protein synthesis d) Fungal cell membranes e) All of the above |
e) all of the above |
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What is the name of the anti-HIV drug that targets protein synthesis, ultimately leaving the virus with a large, non-functional protein? a) Nevirapine b) Protease inhibitor c) AZT d) Tamiflu e) Tetracyclin |
b) Protease inhibitor |
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Penicillin is made from which of the following microbes? a) Bacteria b) Viruses c) Protozoa d) Fungi |
d) Fungi |
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Which of the following is not a drug used to treat bacterial infections? a) Carbenicillin b) Sulfonamide c) Choroquine d) Chloramphenicol |
c) Choroquine |
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List the names of the antimicrobial drugs that interfere with the baterial cell wall (4) |
1) Penicillin 2) Cephalosporin 3) Carbenicillin 4) Vancomycin |
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What drug is used to target nucleic acid synthesis? |
Sulfonamide
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Why doesn't sulfonamide interfere with our cells' ability to carry out nucleic acid synthesis? |
We get folic acid from diet |
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How does sulfonamide target nucleic acid synthesis? |
It blocks synthesis of folic acid |
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List the drugs that target protein synthesis by target bacterial ribosomes. (3) |
Streptomycin Chloranphenicol Tetracyclin |
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Why don't antibacterial drugs interfere with our ribosomoal translation? |
Bacteria ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes |
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What are two drugs that are used to treat a Plasmodium infection? |
Choroquine Quinine |
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How does Quinine work on Plasmodium infections? |
It blocks the conversion of heme to poly heme. |
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Which of the following is not a prion disease? a) Scrapie b) Karposi's sarcoma c) Wasting disease d) Cretzfeldt-Jakob disease |
b) Karposi's sarcome |
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PrPc is to ___ as PrPsc is to ____? a) Protein, lipid b) Alpha helix, beta sheets c) Beta pleated sheets, alpha helix d) Abnormal protein, normal protein |
b) Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet |
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Which of the following allows for someone to get a prion disease? a) Consumption of contanimated beef b) A Methonine at amino acid 129 c) Conversion of PrPc to PrPsc d) Inherit a form of CJD e) All of the above |
e) All of the above |
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Which of the following is a prion disease associated with cannibalistic rituals? a) Kuru b) Wasting disease c) CJD d) Scrapie |
a) Kuru |
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How can you rid an infected animal of a prion disease? a) Speak nicely to them until they leave b) Treat them with drugs c) Light them on fire d) You can not destroy prions |
c) Light them on fire |
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All of the following are features of fungi accept? a) Having a cell wall b) Ability to form only asexual spores c) Heterotrophic d) Ergosterol within the cell membrane |
b) Ability to form only asexual spores |
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Describe the sequence of events that lead to fungal sexual spore produciton |
Fusion of 2 cells, fusion of 2 nuclei, meiosis, spore formation |
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Which of the following is the fungus that causes fungal meningitis especially in AIDS patients? a) Phytophtera infestans b) Coccididiodes c) Candida albicans d) Crytococcus neoformans |
d) Crytococcus neoformans |
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How many cases of Malaria are there per year? |
1/2 billion |
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How many people die from Malaria a year? |
2 million |
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What is the genus of protozoan causes Malaria? |
Plasmodium |
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Where does sexual reproduction of Plasmodium occur? |
In the stomach lining of mosquitos |
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What stage of the Plasmodium life cycle is injected in to the human throught mosquito saliva? |
Sporozoite |
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Sporozoites multiply in _____ cells then are released as _____. |
liver, merozoites |
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Merozoites develop into _____ or _____. |
Trophozoites, gameocytes |
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Trophozoites _____ red blood cells. |
eat |
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In a Plasmodium infection, what causes anemia? |
Trophozoites eating hemoglobin and the bursting of red blood cells |
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In a Plamodium infection, what causes the liver to become enlarged and damaged? |
Sporozoites infecting and bursting out of the liver cells |
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In a Plasmodium infection, what causes kidney damage? |
Plasmodium cause red blood cells to become "sticky" and blind to capillary. |
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In a Plasmodium infection, what causes a coma? |
The blocking of the capillaries of brain |
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In a Plasmodium infection, what causes fever? |
The bodies recognition of infection. |
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What dormancy mean? |
No new viruses are made, there are no signs or symptoms of infection. |
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What is an episome? |
When a virus stays as an independent unit of nucleic acid inside the cell |
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What is en example of a provirus? |
HPV |
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What can cause a virus to emerge from latency? |
Stress, UV light, fever |
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What refers to the dormant period that occurs in bacteriophage? |
Lysogeny |
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Tamiflu is an antiviral drug used to inhibit viral replication by targeting ____. |
fusion |
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Interferon is ____? |
A protein produced by the immune system that helps destroy viruses. A component of the lympatic system |
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What is the family for Herpes Simplex Virus 1? |
Herpes viridae |
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What are the 6 steps of viral infection? |
1) adsorption 2) penetration 3) uncoating 4) synthesis 5) assembly 6) release |
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How does AZT work to control an HIV infection? |
AZT messes with DNA synthesis. Reverse transcriptase would rather use AZT than T. DNA polymerase, however, is not effected |
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How does protease inhibitor work to control an HIV infection? |
Interferes with the action of protease by binding to it, blocking proteins from being made |
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How does nevirapine work? |
Interferes with reverse transcriptase action by binding to it |
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How do naked viruses enter the cell? |
Endocytosis |
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_____ sense RNA viruses must bring their own RNA dependent RNA polymerase |
Positive |
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How is a naked virus released from the cell? |
Burst |
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How is a bacteriophage released? |
Bursting |
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How is an enveloped virus release? |
Exocytosis |
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How big are viruses? |
Nanometers |
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What are the five fluids that can transmit HIV? |
Semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, blood, breast milk |
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What area is Burkitt's Lymphoma affect? |
Lymph System |
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What is Karposi's Sarcoma? |
Vascular cancer |
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What is Invasive Cervical Carcinoma? |
Cervical cancer |
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What is HIV demetia |
Brain Damage |
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What is Candidiasis of the esophagus? |
Fungal disease |
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What is Tuberculosis? |
Bacterial disease |
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What is Salmonella/Septicemia? |
Bacterial disease |
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What is Herpes? |
Viral infection |
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What indicated a person has AIDS? |
evidence of an HIV infection TH cell count less than 200 cells/microliter of blood AIDS defining illness |
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Candida albicans |
Yeast infections |
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Coccidioides |
Valley fever |
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Microsporum |
Ringworm |
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Amanita phallodies |
Poisonous mushrooms |
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Aspergillus flavus |
Aflatoxins |
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Penicillium |
Penicillin |
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Cephalosporium |
Cephalosporins |
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Phytophthera infestans |
Potato famine |
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Fusarium |
Killing of crops/decomposition |
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Ophiostoma |
Ducth elm disease |
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Mucor |
bread mold |
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Aspergillus |
soy sauce |
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S. cerevisiae |
model organism, brewing, baking |
