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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a standard of poverty based on a minimum level of substinence
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a standard of poverty based on a minimum level of substinence
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a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts
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achieved status
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a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characterisitics
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ascribed status
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Karl marx's term for the capitalist class, the owners of the means of production
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bourgeoisie
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an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
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capitalism
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a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile
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caste
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a term used by max weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
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class
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in Karl marx's veiw, a subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social order
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class consciousness
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a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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class system
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a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual mobility
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closed system
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the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period
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colonialism
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an approach to global stratification that contends that industrialized nations exploit developing countries for their own gain
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dependency theory
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a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services.also known as feudalism.
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estate system
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the reputation that a specific person has earned with an occupation
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esteem
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a term used by karl marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
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false consciousness
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a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the US
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feminization of poverty
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the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
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globalization
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the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the some rank
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horizontal mobility
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salaries and wages
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income
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changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
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intergenerational mobility
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changes in a person's social position within his or her adult life
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intragenerational mobility
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max weber's term for people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living condition, and favorable conditions
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life chances
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the far-reaching process by which developing nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristics of more developed societies
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modernization
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a functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives op people in developing nations
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modernization theory
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commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world
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multinational corporation
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continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
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neocolonialism
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a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence
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objective method
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a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status
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open system
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the ability to exercise one's will over others
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power
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the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society
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prestige
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Karl marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society
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proletariat
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a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nations as a whole
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relative property
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a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
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slavery
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a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or, power
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social inequality
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the movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society's stratification system to another
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social mobility
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a term used by max weber to refer to people who have the same prestige lifestyle, independent of their class positions
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status group
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the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
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stratification
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the movement of a person from one social position to another of a different rank
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vertical mobility
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an exclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property
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wealth
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Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited
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world system analysis
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positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational oppurtunities
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affirmative action
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the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
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color-blind racism
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an interactionist perspective that states that interracial contact between people of unequal status engaged in a cooperative task will reduce prejudice
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contact hypothesis
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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias
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discrimination
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a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its' national origin or distinctive cultural pattern
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ethnic group
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the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
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ethnocentrism
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a marxist theory tat views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
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exploitation theory
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in invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
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glass ceiling
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a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
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hate crime
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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
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institutional discrimmination
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a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
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prejudice
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a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed
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racial formation
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a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences
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racial group
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any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior
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racial profiling
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the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
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racism
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unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group
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stereotype
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an emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
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symbolic ethnicity
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concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family
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expressiveness
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expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
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gender role
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fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
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homophobia
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an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions
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instrumentality
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the term for the convergence of social forces results in increased subordination of low-status women
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matrix of domination
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the double burden-work outside the home followed by child care and housework- that many women face and few men share equitably
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second shift
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the ideology that one sex is superior to the other
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sexism
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behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors
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sexual harrassment
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sorokin
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first made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility
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bell
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noted that that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, industrial, and have sophisticated transportation and media systems, and that families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model
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lenski, jr.
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critic of the functionalist analysis of stratification notes that while a system of rewards for filing highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skill may once have served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists
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rossides
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created a five-class typology of the US class system
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gans
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suggests that is functional for society to have poor people to do society's dirty work at low wages, to provide middle-class jobs for people who serve the poor, and to serve as a measuring rod of status for those with higher positions
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dahrendorf
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sociologist that has merged marx's emphasis on class conflict with weber's recognition that power is an important element of stratification
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weber
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maintained that a persons position in a stratification system reflects some combination of their class, status, and power
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davis and moore
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argue that stratifications is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions
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nash
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identified 3 functions in which racially prejudiced beliefs serve the dominant group
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marx
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classical theorist whose work is the basis for an approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor
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cox, blauner, hunter
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used the exploitation theory to explain the basis of racial subordination in the US
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wilson
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suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice
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mcintosh
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sociologist who became interested in the privileges of being white
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thomas
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observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them
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hochschild
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did a study on the second shift, which refers to the double-burden put upon women who work outside the home and then come home to childcare and housework
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parsons and bales
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a)distinguished between instrumental and expressive roles
b)conducted a functionalist analysis of gender roles in the US c)noted that families benefit from the traditional division of labor between men and women, which ensures that all of societies jobs are completed |
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brannon and doyle
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have identified 5 aspects of male gender roles
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engels
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wrote the origin of private property, the family, and the state. argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization
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sanday
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work in indonesia showed a four million member minangkabau society where men and women work as patterns for a common good
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wollstonecraft
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wrote a vindication of the rights of women
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connell
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australian sociologist known for coining the term multiple masculinities
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