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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reptile body temperature
-characteristics |
-ectothermic
-have a preferred optimum body temperature ( -daily/seasonal temp cycles |
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Reptile preferred optimum body temp is important for:
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-metabolism
-digestion -immune system |
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Effect of hypothermia on reptiles
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-slower metabolism
-impaired digestive enzymes -depressed immune system |
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Effect of impaired digestive enzymes in reptiles
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-regurgitation
-GI decomposition -gastroenteritis |
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Treatment for hypothermia in reptiles
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Slow rewarming
-warm water soaks -warm water enema Supportive care -fluids -force feeding -antibiotics *Gradual temp change important |
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Reptile hyperthermia/burns
-causes |
-improper/faulty warming devices
-overexposure to direct sunlight -slow dermal sensation |
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How does slow dermal sensation of reptiles result in burns?
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-the reptiles perceived sensation of heat is lower
-by the time the reptile knows that an object is too hot, the burn is already serious |
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reptile Hyperthermia
-treatment |
-cool reptile to proper temp
-force feed -fluid therapy -Superficial burns: clean, antibiotics, SMZ -Deep burns: surgical debridement |
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Why is treatment of tissue burns more difficult in reptiles?
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-tissue healing in reptiles is slower than in mammals
ex) suture removal in 6 wks |
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Instrument needed to avoid temperature problems in reptiles
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-thermometer
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Humidity importance in reptiles
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-optimum health
-proper ecdysis -level needed is species-dependent |
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Ecdysis
-define |
-shedding
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Instrument for optimal humidity
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-hygrometer
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Dysecdysis
-define |
-abnormal shedding of skin
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Dysecdysis
-problems |
-harbor dirt and bacteria
-retained shed on toes can cause necrosis |
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Effects of low humidity on reptiles
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-respiratory problems
-dehydration -dec. reproduction -lower life span -bladder stones (dehydration) -constipation |
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Dehydration in iguanas can cause:
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-kidney disease
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Low humidity in reptiles
-treatment |
-soaking
-misting -moist towel packs -gentle skin removal (don't want to pull off toes and eyes; use small forceps or warm moistened cotton) |
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Problem from elevated humidity in reptiles
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-blister disease
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Blister disease
-describe |
-moist environment promotes an inc. in environmental pathogens
-severe skin/scale damage -possible sepsis |
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Elevated humidity in reptiles
-treatment |
-adjust humidity
-clean environment -drain/flush wounds -culture and sensitivity -antibiotics |
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What is suboptimal light?
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-inadequate ultraviolet light (UVB) due to a lack of direct sunlight/proper lamp
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Suboptimal sunlight in reptiles
-effects |
-metabolic bone disease in herbivores
-Vit D3 --> Ca deficiency (dec. Ca absorption) -multiple body systems/organs affected |
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Metabolic bone disease
-aka |
-Secondary (husbandry) hyperparathyroidism
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Animals that are less sensitive to suboptimal light
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-snakes that eat whole prey
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Poor reptile cage design
-effects |
-psychological (stress)
-inadequate behavioral thermal modifications -wire for some spp (male iguanas) causes abrasions/infections from rubbing rostrum |
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Reptile problems caused by substrate
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-ingestion (wood shavings, sand, GIFB)
-infection (moist organic matter) -toxicity |
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Retile problems with sand
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-irritation
-GI blockage -hard to clean |
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Reptile species that need a sand substrate
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-sand skinks
-sand boas |
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Reptile problems with pennies at zoos
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-zinc toxicity (1982-current)
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Effect of poor sanitation on reptiles
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increased bacteria, fungi, parasites
-due to feces, uneaten food, moisture -cause: skin, GI, respiratory dz |
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Prevention of poor sanitation effects on reptiles
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-daily cleaning
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#1 zoonotic infection from reptiles
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-Salmonellosis
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Common effects of trauma in reptiles
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-shell fracture (chelonians)
-limb and tail fractures (lizards) |
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Rodent bite
-treatment |
-clean
-debride -flush -antibiotics |
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Rodent bite
-prevention |
-feed frozen-thawed, fresh killed, stunned rodents
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Why are the reptile genitals called a phallus or hemipenis?
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-not a urine outlet
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Reptile genital prolapse
-cause |
Not always clear
-endoparasitism -tumors -lethargy -Ca-deficiency |
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Protozoa
-infective stage -location -zoonotic |
-infective stage = cyst
-found in soil -not zoonotic |
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Protozoa
-large problem in |
-snakes (can cause epizootics)
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Protozoa
-clinical signs |
-rectal prolapse
-anorexia -bloody feces -death |
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Protozoa
-diagnosis |
-colonic wash
-fecal stain -postmortem |
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Protozoa
-prevention |
-isolate infected
-clean regularly -separate food and water sources for healthy and sick animals |
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Protozoa
-treatment |
-metronidazole
-supportive care |
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One of the most economically important parasites in reptile collections
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-Cryptosporidium
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Cryptosporidium
-zoonotic? |
-unknown if species specific
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Cryptosporidium
-clinical signs |
-weight loss
-postprandial regurgitation -midbody swelling in snakes |
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Cryptosporidium
-diagnosis |
Antemortem
-fecal exam -stomach wash -acid fast of regurgitation or stomach wash Postmortem -oocytes in tissue, proliferative gastritis |
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Cryptosporidium
-treatment |
-none
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Cryptosporidium
-prevention |
-isolation
-cull infected animals (in large collections) |
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Mites
-genus |
-Ophionyssus (Snake mite)
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Mites
-indication of |
-poor husbandry
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ticks
-effects |
-anemia
-focal ulcerating lesions |
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Ectoparasites
-diagnosis |
-visualize parasites (differentiate from normal pigment)
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Ectoparasite
-prevention |
-isolation
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Ectoparasite
-treatment |
-individual removal
-clean environment -pyrethroid powder -Ivermectin -olive oil? |
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Ivermectin
-contraindicated in |
-chelonians
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Nematodes
-clinical signs |
-none
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Nematodes
-diagnosis |
Antemortem
-ova in feces Postmortem -worms in alimentary tract |
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Nematodes
-treatment |
-fenbendazole
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