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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who was Dr. Ignaz semmelweis and how was he important to hand washing?
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He was the first to introduce any type of hand washing standards. He beleived that infections were easily spread from person to person and could be prevented by hand washing. He proposed that by using a chlorinated lime solution you could stop the infection from spreading from person to person.
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Define fomite
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any inanimate object that could transmit an infectious agent from one person to another.
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What is direct contact?
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it involves physical contact b/n someone who is infected and someone who is not.
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what is indirect contact?
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does not involve direct human contact. it would occur in situations such as an infected person sneezing and a healthy person breathing it in.
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what is droplet contact?
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occurs when infected droplets come into contact with surfaces such as your eyes, nose, or mouth.
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Describe airborne transmission
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droplet nuclei containing infected particles remain suspended in the air for long periods of time and they are able to enter the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
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describe fecal-oral transmission
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infectious microorganisms are shed by the infected person through fecal matter and it is spread by someone ingesting contaminated materials.
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describe vector-borne transmission
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occurs when an infectious disease is spread by vectors such as mosquitoes, rats, flies, mites, ticks, or dogs.
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In many modern hospitals, immunocomprised patients, such as those undergoing bone marrow transplants, are placed in positive pressure rooms where the air pressure is higher than that found in the adjoining hallway/areas. The same hospital may keep patients suffering from tuberculosis in negative pressure rooms, where the air pressure in the room is lower than that in adjoining areas. explain the difference in these two strategies and why the hospital would employ these different conditions.
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the CDC has standards fro controlling the air pressure in a patient's room by which the hospital must follow. for patients suspected of airborne diseases such as tuberculosis, a negative air pressure is used. it keeps a flow air into the room rather than out of the room so that the disease does not spread to other areas. if a patient is immunocompromised they are kept in a room with positive air pressure. the positive air pressure keeps air flowing out of the room so that no other infectious agents may enter and harm the patient. it is important for hospitals to employ these conditions so that they may protect their patients from the spread of any harmful microorganism that may cause potentially life threatening infections.
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what are the scientific names of some common normal flora of the skin?
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Corynebacterium xerosis (bacterium)
micrococcus spp. (bacterium) mycobacterium spp. (bacterium) pityrosporum spp. (yeast) propionbacterium acnes (bacterium) staphylococcus epidermis (bacterium) |
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what is mircobiology?
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the study of organism too small to study or view with the naked eye
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what does microorganism include?
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yeast, molds, fungi
viruses bacteria |
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define ubiquitous
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existing or being everywhere at the same time
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where can microorganisms be found?
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air
soil yellowstone hot springs antartic ice cap living in and on humans and animals in areas such as the skin and alimentary canal (mouth to nose) |
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what is the single most effective way to prevent spread of infection and disease?
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handwashing
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what does frequently washing your hands do for you?
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washes away germs that you might have picked up from other ppl, contaminated surfaces, animals, and human or animal waste
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what is the approximate number of bacteria living in and on the human body
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10^13
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true or false: bacteria commonly present in and on the human body is essential to human survival
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true
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what is the ratio of bacterial cells to human cells
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10 to 1
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what is normal flora?
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organisms that are permanent colonists on the human body which survive and multiply in or on the human body
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true or false: normal flora never cause disease. explain.
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false. normal flora can become pathogenic if they enter the bloodstream of tissues.
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what is normal flora of the skin associated with?
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associated with sweat and oil glands found in the lower layers of the skin (dermis)
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what is the funciton of normal flora of the intestinal tract?
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aid in the breakdown of nutrients and digestion.
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what ways do normal flora benefit humans?
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protect the body against pathogens
prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for attachment sites and/or essential nutrients antagonize other bacteria through the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous species synthesize and excite vitamins and nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized the host organism (human) maintains the normal function/health of colon |
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how does enteric bacteria benefit you?
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secretes vitamin K and certain B vitamins including B12
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what areas are normal flora found?
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skin
eyes nose mouth upper throat lower urethra lower intestine especially in the large intestine |
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where should you not find bacteria in a normal, healthy human?
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brain
blood sinuses lower respiratory tract kidney bladder uterus |
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define transient flora
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organisms that are not firmly entrenched in or on the skin. they reside here only temporarily. can not multiply within the skin, usually die within a few hours or get washed off.
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where is transient flora normally found?
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usually found in dry, outer layer of the skin (epidermis)
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describe how skin acts as a barrier
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skin is the largest organ of the body and if intact it is an effective barrier against pathogens.
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what causes nosocomial infections?
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normal flora of the body residing as transient flora
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how is nosocomial infections spread?
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spread to patients by direct or indirect contact involving health care workers. this is a danger b/c these patients are usually compromised by illness, surgery, or injury already.
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what is an approximate number of infections and how many deaths?
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infects about 2 million ppl each year causing about 20,000 deaths.
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how might a pathogen enter the body through the skin?
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lacerations
openings of hair follicles and sweat glands intact skin (ringworm) |
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how might a pathogen enter the body through the respiratory tract?
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some pathogens are airborne. you can be exposed by breathing in these pathogens. a healthy respiratory system produces mucos which traps the pathogens and later excretes them.
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how might a pathogen enter the body through the digestive system?
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ingesting contaminated food or water
touching your mouth, licking fingers, putting fingers into your mouth biting nails |
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what is epidemiology?
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study of factors influencing occurence, transmission, distribution, prevention, and control of disease.
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define epidemic
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occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
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define endemic
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present or usually prevalent in a population or geographic area at all times
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define pandemic
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widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region, country, continent, or globally.
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what is nutrient agar?
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general growth media. it grows most organisms such as bacteria, yeast, mold, and fungi fairly well. it is the most commonly used in labs.
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CHECK FOR EXTRA STUFF IN THE FOLDER FOR EXPERIMENT 1 HANDWASHING!!!!
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!!!!!!!!!!!
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