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124 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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recreation specialist
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in the allied health profession, form of therapy for kids and adults with different disabilities and the therapy revolves around play
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injury
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is a part of athletics, athletes have a right to know that those overseeing their sport view their health and safety as a priority
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sports medicine
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refers to a broad field of medical practice related to physical sport and activity
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sports med as defined by ACSM
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physiological, biomechanical, psychological, and pathological phenomena
generally focuses on areas of performance enhancement, injury care prevention and management |
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ACSM stands for
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American College of Sports Medicine
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the two parts of the umbrella of sports medicine include
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human performance
and injury care and management |
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human performance includes
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ex physiology, biomechanics, sports psych, sports nutrition, fitness training
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injury care and management includes
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practice of medicine, sports physical therapy, athletic training massage therapy, orthotist, prothesist
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goals of sports med organizations
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1-upgrade the field with professional standards
2-being professional and exchanging ideas 3-opportunities for individuals to work together |
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ACSM as an association focuses on
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study of all aspects of sport
promotes and integrates scientific research members include PhD's medical doctors physical therapists, coaches and trainers |
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Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA
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goals are to establish collegial relations with students and physical therapists, promote prevention, treatment and rehab of injuries from physically active population
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NATA stands for
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National Athletic Trainers Association
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NATA does...
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enhance quality of healthcare for athletes, rehab
now has over 30,000 members |
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NASM stands for
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National Academy of Sports Medicine
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NASM deals with
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evidence based certifications for CPT, PES and CES
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primary players of sports medicine team
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athlete, coach, athletic trainer and physician. with athlete in the middle
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athletic trainer
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most directly in charge of all phases of health care in sports environment.
injury prevention first aid management eval injuries surpervising rehab |
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June 1991 marks
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AMA recognizes athletic training as a health profession
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CAATE stands for
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Committee on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education
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there are how many undergrad and graduate accredited programs with CAATE?
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357 undergrad
14 grad level |
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the 1999 Educational Competencies outline how many many content areas and what are examples?
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12 areas
risk management injury prevention acute care pharmacology nutritional psychosocial |
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primary tasks of entry level ATC's
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prevent athletic injuries
assessment of injuries immediate care healthcare administration professional development and responsibility |
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ATC accreditation relies on completing
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BOC requirements
sit for certification exam knowledge test in 6 domains |
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what percent of high schools have ATC's?
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20-25%
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professional teams employ what percent of ATC's?
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5%
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who employs the most ATCs?
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Sports Med Clinics
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role of the coach
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must be certified in CPR and AED
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team physician responsibilities
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advise and supervise athletic trainer
preparticipation screening of athletes diagnose injury decide on disqualifications attend games |
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there is a strong relationship between sports enhancement
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and injury prevention
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the personal training field emerged in
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1970's and has no single standard qualification
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strength and conditioning coaches
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certified by NSCA
certified in CPR and AED oversee athletic fitness |
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the primary concerns of emergency aid are:
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maintain cardiovascular function
maintain CNS function |
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there should be a separate EAT for each...
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sports field, court,
determine roles of personnel |
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establish procedures for
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equipment removal
make sure phones are available |
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the first to arrive on the scene is the ___ but the one to make the final say is the ____
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ATC, EMT
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when assessing vitals what do you look for in a pulse?
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is it present?
weak or strong? BPM? |
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vitals for respiration, what do you look for?
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rate of breath?
shallow or deep? regular or irregular? coughing blood? 12-20 respirations per min |
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vitals dealing with blood pressure..name the instrument and the difference between systolic and diastolic measurements
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arterial pressure
sphygomomanometer systolic- ventricle contraction115-120 diastolic- residual pressure- 60-80 |
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vital signs...temp
what is normal and what is the best way to measure it accurately |
98.6 f
armpit mouth, ear, but rectum is best |
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vital signs skin color
red = white= blue= |
red = elevated temp
white=insufficient circulation, shock blue- airway obstruction, respiratory insufficiency |
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vitals- eyes
constricted dilated |
PEARL
pupils equal and reactive to light constricted= depressant drugs dilated= shock, stimulant, head injury responsiveness is more important than size |
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vitals for state of consciousness
it is important to always assess |
alertness and awareness
AVPU alert, verbal, pain and unresponsive |
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vitals for movement
look to CNS |
hemiplegia- trauma or stroke where one side of body is affected
UE deficit- upper extremity not working due to C-spine injury LE deficit- lower extremity not working due to c-spine or distal c spine injury |
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abnormal nerve responses include 2 types
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paresthesia= pins and needles, its transient. nerve or cold damage
anesthesia= numbness. spinal cord injury, hysteria and shock |
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name the three types of bleeding common in athletics
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arterial- bright red and spurts, hard to control
venous- darker red and it flows steadily, easier to manage capillary- dark red and oozes, will clot |
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5 types of skin wounds
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avulsion, incision, puncture, abrasion laceration
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abrasions
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top layer of skin is exposed, often comes in contact with dirt or foreign materials that makes it more prone to infection, its a skin scrape
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laceration
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sharp object comes in contact with the tissue and tears it
jagged edge wound may result in avulsion |
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puncture
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can be fatal
it is the penetration of a foreign object in the tissue, introduces tetanus bacteria into bloodstream, refer to physician immediately |
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avulsion
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skin is torn completely from the body
major bleeding occurs the removed skin should be put in a cold water and saline solution go to hospital immediately |
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incision
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wound with round edges like a surgical incision
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bleeding control, what are the steps for using direct pressure
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direct pressure =plugging the hole
1- body substance isolation 2- gather materials aka gauze and tape and bandages 3- direct pressure 4- if saturation, add more bandages |
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what are some examples of pressure points
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temple, wrist, under arm, upper leg, at the foot
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make sure to apply pressure to what two places
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pressure point and wound site
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tourniquet
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used only as a last resort
when deciding life over limb because it results in tissue death |
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a tourniquet is made up of what materials and when is it ok to remove a tourniquet
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occlusive strap and windlass tension mechanism
professional will remove it only |
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treat all wounds as if they have been...
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contaminated
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avoid hydrogen peroxide and bacterial solutions initially because
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kills both good and bad bacteria
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anatomical considerations for bandaging- things to think about...
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make sure to assess pulse, motor and sensation before and after dressing the wound
- possibly developing ischemia is the size of dressing appropriate? |
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for bandaging an avulsion or amputation...
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apply a bulky dressing to reduce blood flow
possible tourniquet immerse the amputated part in a bag and surround with cold water dry cooling and rapid transport |
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for bandaging an impaled object
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bulky dressing
limit gross movement of impaled object may have to cut it down to a certain size do not remove unless in cheek and obstructing airway or CPR |
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sutures should be used within how many hours?
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12
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hypovolemic shock
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caused by decrease in blood volume of specifically plasma volume
can be caused by dehydration, vomiting, severe burns, hemorrhages |
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how many stages of hypovolemic shock? give characteristics of each one
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4 stages
stage 1- relatively normal vitals, but up to 15% blood volume loss, anxiety stage 2-15-30% blood volume loss, tachycardia, tachyapnea decreased urine stage 3 and 4- extreme tachycardia, sweating, no capillary refill |
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hypovolemic shock treatment
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for stage 1 and 2- fluid replacement
stage 3 and 4-fluid replacement and blood transfusion |
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another word for a severe allergy is
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anaphylaxis
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2 types of injury classifications
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intrinsic- viral and bacterial
extrinsic- tissue stress or mechanical stress, orthopedic injuries |
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2 types of extrinsic injuries
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acute- mechanical failure of soft tissue due to an excessive force occurring in a single bout- macro trauma
sudden onset, short duration chronic injury- repeated micro trauma over an extended period of time. prolonged duration |
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primary v secondary injury
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primary= direct immediate consequence of trauma
secondary= avoidable, delayed some time after initial trauma |
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an example of a secondary injury was in which athlete
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Dizzy Dean, baseball season
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5 signs of inflammation
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redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function
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5 types of forces that can cause orthopedic injury
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tensile, compression, shear, bending torsion
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tensile injuries occur from
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pulling and elongation
must muscle injuries |
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compression injuries occur from
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pushing to shorten the structure
examples are landing, a contusion |
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bending injuries occur from
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tensile and compressive forces working together. loading about an axis, most realistic in bone
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shear force injury occurs from
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pushing and pulling, parallel to surface of structure. common with ligaments
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torsion injury occurs from
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opposite direction twists, cutting down a field bone fractures this way
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a load or stress is
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external or internal force acting on the tissue
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strain is
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extent of deformation under loading (distance)
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degree of deformation depends on
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tissue composition
speed of applied load frequency of loading direction of loading |
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epiphysis
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where your growth plates are located on your bones
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diaphysis
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body of the bone- the shaft
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the 2 properties of bone
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cortical bone- outer and diaphyseal region
cancellous- spongy , within the cortical |
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bone is strongest in___force
weaker in ____ force weakest in ____ force |
compression
tensile shear |
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2 types of bone injuries
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periostitis- inflammation of periosteum ex is shin
fracture=break |
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a description of a fracture includes what 5 characteristics
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site- where is it
extent- partial or complete configuration- spiral, transverse relationship of fragments-displaced or not relationship to environment- open or close |
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communited fracture=
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broken into little pieces
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osteoblast v osteoclast
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blasts-lay the bone
clasts- reshape it |
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stress fractures are hard to diagnose because
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osteoblast activity aka relaying bone occurs so you may not know it is a stress fracture until it has already started healing
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dislocation and signs and symptoms
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at least one point in joint is forced completely out of alignment
often deformation occurs |
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the first time you get a dislocation it should be treated as
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a fracture until ruled out
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what are the 3 grades of a muscle strain and what are their symptoms/
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1- overstretch/microtear, mild loss in strength and swelling
2- partial tear- severe symptoms 3- rupture, requires surgery, palpable defect |
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3 types of skeletal muscle injuries
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muscle guarding- spasm
muscle soreness- due to eccentric contraction - 2 days post workout muscle cramping- due to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
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acute skeletal muscle injury
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contusion- caused by sudden traumatic blow with compressive force causes pain swelling and echhymiosis
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tendons connect
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muscle to bone
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ligaments connect
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bone to bone
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tendons are made up of what substance
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collagen- which makes them thick and resistance to tensile forces
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tendon injuries occur mustly due to
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compression
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4 types of tendon injuries
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tendinitis
tenosynovitis strain/rupture contusion |
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ligaments are made up of
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less collagen so they are very elastic and less resistance to tensile forces. greater deformation
anterior tib fib is most injured |
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what two forces are most important with ligaments and give an example
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compression and shear
intercondylar notch with ACL |
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sprain is a
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joint injury with ligament stretch or tear
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3 degrees of ligament sprains
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1- ouch, firm end feel
2- worse, soft endfeel 3- rupture, no end feel |
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neuropraxia
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transient and reversible loss in nerve function
secondary to trauma |
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how many bones in the foot
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26 plus 2 sesamoid
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the tibia forms what bony prominence at the distal end of the tibia?
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medial malleoulus
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the talocrural joint is what type of joint and allows what kinds of motion
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hinge joint
plantar and dorsi flexion |
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the subtalar joint allows what types of motion
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inversion
eversion pronation supination |
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tibiofibular joint
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syndesmotic
little to no motion, high ankle sprain location |
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3 lateral ligaments of foot that prevent inversion and support the foot
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anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament posterior talofibular ligament |
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deltoid ligament
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medial side of the foot
largest and most difficult to sprain prevents eversion |
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what is morton's toe
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second toe is longer than the great toe
can lead to stress fractures |
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hallux valgus
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valgus stress on first joint of first ray of great toe, can lead to bunions
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hammer toe
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buckling of IP joint
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pes planus
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flat feet
excessive pronation |
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pes cavus
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high arch
excessive supination |
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plantar facitis
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pain in anterior heelpad, hurts with dorsiflexion of great toe
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the talus will break with
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forced dorsiflexion
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severs disease
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8-12 year olds
growth plate pain |
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high ankle sprain
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deals with distal talofibular joint
tears with dorsiflexion and external rotation |
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ottawa ankle foot rules were created for
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determine which patients needed radiographs
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ankle sprain treatment
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PRICE
protection rest ice compression elevation |
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medial tibial stress syndrome
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shin splints, repetitive microtrauma
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know the four compartments of the leg
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anterior- extending toes most commonly injured compartment for dorsiflexion
lateral- runs along fibula, eversion deep posterior-flexors, medial malleous wraps superficial- calf muscles plantar flexion |
