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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Localised electrons |
electrons which are shared between two atoms |
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Retention time |
the time taken for the component to pass from the inlet to the detector (from injection to detection) |
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alpha amino acid |
the cooh and nh2 groups are bonded to the same carbon atom |
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electrophile |
an electron pair acceptor |
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stereoisomers |
compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space |
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hydrolysis |
the chemical breakdown of a substance by reaction with water |
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isoelectric point |
the pH at which an amino acid exists as a zwitterion |
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optical isomers |
stereoisomers which are non superimposable mirror images of eachother |
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Chiral centre |
A carbon atom with four DIFFERENT group/atoms attached |
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delocalised electrons |
electrons which are shared between more than two atoms |
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functional group |
the part of an organic molecule that is responsible for its reactions (chemical properties) |
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condensation reaction |
a reaction where two smaller molecules react to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water |
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Rf value |
the distance travelled by a component divided by the distance travelled by the solvent |
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Adsorption |
the process by which a molecule binds to the surface of a solid by formation of weak bonds |
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zwitterion |
a dipolar yet neutral species formed when the h+ ion from the COOH of an amino acid is donated to the NH2 |
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nucleophile |
an electron pair donor |
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benzene to nitrobenzene |
conc HNO3, conc H2SO4, 55^C |
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benzene to chlorobenzene |
chlorine, either AlCl3 or FeCl3 catalyst |
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benzene to bromobenzene |
Bromine, ArBr3 or FeBr3 catalyst |
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nitrobenzene to phenylamine |
Tin, conc HCl, reflux |
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Phenylamine to phenyldiazonium chloride |
HCl, HNO2, below 10^C |
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Phenyldiazonium chloride to azo dye |
phenol, aq Naoh |
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Phenol to sodium phenoxide + hydrogen |
sodium |
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Phenol to sodium phenoxide + water |
NaOH |
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Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol |
bromine |
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ester to carboxyllic acid + alcohol |
aq acid, reflux |
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ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol |
aq alkali, reflux |
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ketone to secondary alcohol |
NaBH4, heat |
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aldehyde to primary alcohol |
Nabh4, heat |
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halogenoalkane to primary amine |
excess ammonia, ethanol solvent |
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alcohol to ester + carboxyllic acid |
acid anhydride |
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alcohol to ester + water |
carboxyllic acid, reflux, conc h3so4 catalyst |
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polyunsaturated fatty acid to monounsaturated fatty acid |
h2, 150^c , nickel catalyst |
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aldehyde to carboxyllic acid |
k2cr2o7/h+ reflux or AgNo3/nh3 (tollens reagent) and heat |