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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Affirmative action |
Positive actions by an employer college, etc to improve employment or education opportunities for women, minority groups, or other people who have suffered from discrimination |
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apartheid |
Policy of racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in South Africa until the 1990's |
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Between-school effects |
refer to inequalities among children who go to different schools |
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Capitalist Economic System |
Type of modern economic system in which people and organizations invest capital in the production of goods and service to make a profit. Owners make profit by keeping cost low. Requires free market |
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Caste |
Most rigid form of stratification. In a caste system, individuals are born into their social position and have few, if any, opportunities for upward or downard mobility. Hindu societies |
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Comparable worth policies |
adjust pay so that people who work in predominantly female occupations are not penalized |
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conflict over control in organization |
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Consumer society |
a society whose inhabitants think of themselves more as consumers than as producers. America is an example |
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craft production/ craft unionism/craft worker |
Employees who combine an intense pride in their work with a broad knowledge of tools, materials, and processes as well as manual skills acquired by long training experience. |
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Cultural capital |
A concept introduced by Pierre Bourdieu referring to cultural qualities that are prized in the educational system as well as by society overall, and exposure to cultural forms such as art, music, and theater |
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denaturalization |
Process by which something assumed to be normal, universal, and accepted is challenged or modified and thus no longer seems obvious or natural. Example, Gay marriage |
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Discrimination three forms |
intentional, unintentional, institutional |
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scope of discrimination |
whether discrimination is individual or institutional in origin |
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division of labor |
specialization of tasks required to produce goods. The culmination of the division of labor occured at the original ford production plant |
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Disenchantment |
A process in which previously religious concepts, values, and ideals become detached from their religious roots and secularized. ex protestant ethic |
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Emotion management/labor |
both refer to management of feelings to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display. Emotion management becomes emotional labor when sold for a wage |
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Ethnicity |
Group distinctiveness based on a common territoty, history, and tradition |
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ethnocentrism |
An attitude based on a belief in the cultural superiority of ones own ethnic group above all others |
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explotation |
Manipulation of one person or group by another for the latter's own benefit and profit. Marx argued it is inherent. |
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Family relations |
As properties: erotic generational and household property Linked to changes in wider society: reflexivity, individualism, consumerism theoretical perspective on: feminism, functionalism, marxism |
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Fordism |
A manufacturing system based on mass production and mass consumption of cheap, standardized goods |
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Post- Fordism |
involves more "flexible" production and labor arrangements |
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fundmentalism |
Strict adherence to fundamental religious doctrine, with no concessions to modern developments in thought or customs. |
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Gender |
A way in which one sees their sexuality |
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Gender gap |
The gap in wages between men and women |
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Gender role conflict |
a role conflict refers to tensions between the requirements of incampatible roles |
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Gender schemas |
tacit assumptions about men and women that unconsciously shape people perceptions of others goods |
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Gender socialization |
the learning of gender roles |
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Gender Typing |
Predominantly female occupations usually have lower stats and pay |
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Gendered division of labor |
The differing ways that work and responsibility are divided up in the family between husband and wife. Traditionally husban worked outside home while and wife dedicated herself to the house. Postmodern is changing this. |
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Normative alternatives theory |
?? |
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Genocide |
Systematic mass murder of a group of people. Holocaust |
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Industrial economy |
An economy characterized by the employment of large numbers of workers in the mass production of manufactured goods. Industrial economy peaked during the twentieth century |
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De-industrialization |
Systematic, disinvestment in a nation's manufacturing infrastructure |
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Jim Crow Laws |
Enforced racial segregation in the U.S. South between 1877 and the 1950's |
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Life chances |
Opportunities for sharing in material or cultural goods during ones lifetime. life chances are affected not only by personal merit and accomplishment but also by race, gender, and socioeconomic status. |
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Marriage squeeze |
Restricted supply of available partners that results when a woman chooses to delay marriage. Because cultrural norms suggest that women should not marry younger men, and men have a tendancy to marry woman older than them, women who choose to marry later may be caught in a "squeeze" |
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Method of difference |
J.s Mill one of several methods of comparison |
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Middle America |
The "one big middle class" that many americans identify themselves as part of |
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Nativism |
Ethnocentric attitude of a native-born population toward immgrants. In US this attitude was particularly prevalent during the 1850's- a time when American nativists believed that the beliefs and customs of certain europoean groups would undermine the culture upon which US was founded |
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New Age religion |
A mix of beliefs, pracitices, and ways of life, all of which share the element of "self-spirituality". |
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Nuclear family vs Extended family |
Nuclear is a form of family organization consisting of husband and wife and their offspring Extended combines several generation and a variety of different kinship relations. |
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Occupation sex segregation |
Concentration of men and women in different occupations. Women are concentrated in the types of jobs that pay lower salaries, which is the principal cause of the gender pay gap. |
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Outsourcing |
Moving unskilled labor to countries without minimum wage laws |
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Patriarchal |
Adjective referring to the organization of the family around father-rule and, more broadly, to the organization of a society or social system around the idea of male dominance, superirority, and power |
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Privitization |
Process by which people make the transition from identifying as aprt of a class or occupational group to thinking of themselves as individuals= specifically as individual consumers |
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profane |
Things related to religion place above every day objects or routines |
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Prestige |
The esteem, honor, or deference assigned to one's social position |
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Professionals |
Workers characterized by control of a large body of abstract, formal knowledge; substantial autonomy from supervision; authority over clients as well as subordinate occupational groups, and claim that they will use their knowledge for the benefit of clients. |
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Protestant ethic |
Belief that wordly successes stemming from individual responsibility and a compulsion to save and invest are a sign of gods favor |
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Race |
Biologically speaking an arbitray classification assigned based on genetic characteristics. |
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Racism |
behavior based on the belief that a group is inferior because of inherited physical differences that are inherently connected with behavioral differences |
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Religious economic model (Rational choice theory of religion) |
The theory that religion thrives-- even in modern societies-- when religious organizations compete freely for followers
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Civil religion |
The public religious dimension of political life |
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Emile durkheims definition of religion |
Mainly functionalist definition but included a substantive element that he called the sacred as distinct from the profane. |
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Social function of religion, according to durkheim |
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social origion of religion, according to Durkheim |
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Individualism as a religious attitude according to durkheim |
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Religiosity |
The amount of "religiousness" in society, usually measured by such variables as attendance of religious services, church membership, individual contributions to a church of religious institution, and belief in God. |
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Rites |
Rules that prescribe how people must conduct themselves with sacred things |
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Sacred |
Refers to things set apart and forbidden. |
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Profane |
Everything not set apart and forbidden |
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Scientific management |
Taylorism believed that there was one best way to perform every task, and that this way could be discovered by observing workers and then developing a more efficient means of accomplishing their work. |
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Second shift |
Women continue to bear the main responsibility for domestic tasks, even though more women are working in paid employment outside the home than ever before |
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Secularization |
Disenchantment and rationalization would inevitably result in the decline of religion.
Three dimension?? |
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Secularization thesis |
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Service economy |
An economy devoted to supplying services, such as information processing, teaching nursing, advertising, marketing or food |
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Sex |
Biological differences between men and women |
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Social class Marxian |
Concerned with revealing how the changing capitalist economic system is affecting class relations and whether his prediction of increasing polarization of the two main classes-- capitalist and proletarians-- is occuring |
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Social class Weber |
Mapping the changing market of different groups of occupation that constitute classes and investigating how these changes affect "life chances," such as educational attainment, health, and income |
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Social closure |
Occurs when a group monopolizes advantages or resources and excludes others from having access to them |
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Social mobility |
Ability of individuals or groups to change their social position or status, either for better or for worse within a social hierarchy. |
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Social Stratification |
The heirarchal ranking of people on the basis of social difference-- specifically, with regards to their access to desirable resources, their life chances, and their social influence. |
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Step Family |
A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living in the home or nearby |
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Stereotype |
A neutral term, referring to fixed, cognitive preconceptions that are necessary for understanding modern society. Facilitate and maintain a majorities domination of the minority |
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Thomas theorem |
States that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences. |
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Transformation of marriage |
Term reffering to postmodern efforts to denaturalize marriage and redefine the nature of the marriage contract. Gay movement |
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Craft unionism |
Limits union membership to skilled workers engaged in a particular craft |
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Industrial unionism |
Combines all workers, skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry |
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"Insurance agency" model of unionism |
Workers are regarded as clients whose dues essentially purchase advocates to speak for them when they have problems at work |
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Social movement unionism |
Links improvements in wages and working conditions to organizing other workers promoting economic equality in society |
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Victorian "Love Revolution" (Collins) |
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"wages of whiteness" (W.E.B. DuBois) |
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Within-school effects |
Refers to differences among students in the same school, e.g. differences between students in honors and remedial classes. |