Final Exam Flash Cards

· Product that is actively being synthesized incell

· Occurs when the cell does not produce mRNA forspecific enzymes

· Allows the cell to prevent translation of mRNAmolecule that has already been transcribed

Occurs when the cell fails to activate amanufactured protein

Regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts downTranscription

· Triggers Transcription

· Protein by binding an effector molecule at asite other than the enzymes active site

Set of separate genes or operons

· Only found in genes involved in metabolism

· The study of heritable changes in geneexpression

· Repeating ,bead-like structures

· Where RNA polymerase binds to initiatetranscription

· Where an acetyl group is transferred from onemolecule to the other

· Alkylation with a methyl group, rather than a largercarbon chain, replacing hydrogen atoms

· All eukaryotic promoters are bound by

Sections of DNA involved in controlling theactivity of genes

· Located upstream of the promoter and thetranscription start site

· Regulatory elements that are far from thepromoter

· Can be located in introns

· Repress active gene expression

· Bind to enhancers, silencers, andpromoter-proximal elements

· Responsible for the expression of particulargenes

· Interact with the promoter

· Not restricted to particular cell types

· Creates physical link between regulatorytranscription factors and Basal Transcription Factors

Step 1:Regulatory transcription factors bind to the DNA

Step 2:Chromatin remodeling

Step 3: Additional regulatory transcription factors form theenhancers or promoter-proximal elements

Step 4: All the basal transcription factors for the BasalTranscription Complex

· Protein particle that have been implicated asthe cause of various neurodegenerative disorders

· Can synthesize DNA from an RNA template· Make complementary DNA (cDNA)

· A collection of transformed bacteria cells· Containing a vector with an inserted gene

· Collection of bacteria cells Containing

· Segments of DNA that can move from one locationin a genome to another

· “Selfish Gene”

· Makes copies of itself

· Insert itself into a new location in the genome

· Genetic material enclosed by a protein shellcalled a capsid

· Genetic material enclosed by a capsid and one ormore membrane- like envelope

· Virus that infects bacterial cells· Replicative growth- called lytic Cell

Hydrophilic

· Individual units of amino acids or nucleotides

· Monomers that are liked together

· Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions

· Antibodies and complement proteins attackspathogens

· Motor and contractile proteins move the cell ormolecule within the cell

· Proteins convey signals between cells

Structural proteins define cell shape andcomprise body structures

· Proteins carry materials

· Unique sequence of amino acids

· Limitless primary structure possibilities

· Formed by hydrogen bonds

· Hydrogen bonds occur between carbonyl group andamino acids

· Polypeptide results from interaction betweenR-Groups

· Hydrogen Bonds

· Hydrophobic interactions

· Van Deer Waals interactions

· Covalent disulfide bonds

· Ionic Bonds

· The bonding of two or more distinct polypeptidesubunits

· Help proteins fold correctly in cells

· Improperly folded forms of normal proteins

· “charges” the tRNA by catalyzing the addition ofamino acids to tRNA

Condons are written 5’ to 3’**

AUG is the start Codon

Three different stop condons

· UAA· UAG· UGA

· The acceptor site for an aminoacyl tRNA

· Where a peptide bond forms that adds on amino acids to the growing polypeptide chains

· Where tRNA’s no longer bound to an amino acid exit the ribosome

· Begins at the AUG codon

· Preceding by a ribosome binding site

1. The mRNA binds to a small ribosome subunit

2. The initiator aminoacyl binds to the startcondon

3. Large ribosomal subunits binds, completing thecomplex

· An RNA with catalytic activity

Elongation Factor Movethe mRNA down the ribosome

· Starts when the A Site encounters a stop codon

· Causes protein to enter the A site- Release factor

· Resemble tRNA in size and shape

· Do not carry an amino acid

· Mutations occurs in pre-mitotic cells

· Mutations occurs in pre-meiotic cell

· Always present

· Phenotypic changes only under permissiveconditions

Chemicals incorporated into DNA look like basesbut pair incorrectly

· Act directly on DNA but not incorporated

Genomic DNA

DNTP

DNA

Primers

Buffers