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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hypernatremia |
Excess sodium in the blood |
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Two main causes of hypernatremia: |
1. Dehydration |
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Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia: |
1. Hypovolemia (decreased blood volume from dehydration). |
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What happens to a cell with hypernatremia? |
Crenation (shrinking) of RBC |
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Hyponatremia |
Decreased sodium in the blood |
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Two causes of hyponatremia: |
1. DILUTIONAL HYPONATREMIA - Replacing body fluid with electrolyte-free fluid (i.e., H2O) or replacing with the wrong electrolytes. |
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Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia: |
1. Hypervolemia due to over-hydration (from dilutional hyponatremia). |
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What happens to a cell with hyponatremia? |
Hemolysis (swelling leading to bursting) |
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What happens to H+ when potassium leaves a cell? |
When potassium leaves a cell, H+ enters. |
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How does insulin affect potassium levels? |
Insulin causes K+ uptake INTO cells. This causes decreased K+ in the extracellular fluid, which is HYPOKALEMIA. |
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Hyperkalemia |
Increased potassium in the blood |
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Four causes of hyperkalemia: |
1. Renal disease - Nephron causes too little potassium to leave the body, meaning there will be TOO MUCH potassium in the extracellular fluid. |
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Hypokalemia |
Decreased potassium in the blood |
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Four causes of hypokalemia: |
1. Diuretics |
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Tetany |
Disorder marked by muscular twitching, cramps, and convulsions, and caused by hypocalcemia. |
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Acidosis |
<7.35 pH |
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Alkalosis |
>7.45 pH |
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What is the main acid and base of the body? |
ACID - Hydrogen ions (H+) |
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Metabolic acidosis |
A condition occurring when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body, or when not enough bicarbonate is being produced. Marked by a pH of <7.35. |
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Two causes of metabolic acidosis |
1. Increase in non-carbonic acid acids (i.e., metaboic acids such as ketones or lactic acid from anaerobic respiration) |
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Effect of acidosis/alkalosis on the nervous system |
Low pH (acidosis) depresses the nervous system, while a high pH (alkalosis) stimulates the nervous system. |
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Respiratory pH calculation |
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) <--> H+ (very strong acid) + HCO3- (bicarbonate, weak base) |
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How does hyperventilation affect the pH-respiratory system? |
1. Hyperventilate |
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How does acidosis affect the pH-respiratory system? |
1. Acidosis |
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What systems regulate the balance of pH? |
The respiratory system regulates CO2 (acid) levels, while the excretory system regulates HCO3- (base) levels. |
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Define "compensation" |
What is done to maintain the pH in response to disturbances |
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Define "partially compensated"? |
When one of the systems (respiratory or excretory) is attempting to rectify the disturbance, but has not yet been successful, resulting in values for that system that are outside normal ranges. |
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Define "fully compensated"? |
When pH levels are back within normal limits, but values for both systems are outside of normal limits. |
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Define "corrected" |
When all values are within normal limits. |
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Interprete these values: |
- pH is normal |
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Interprete these values: |
- pH is too low, acidosis |
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Interprete these values: |
- pH is too high (alkalosis) |
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Interprete these values: |
- pH is too low (acidosis) |
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Interprete these values |
- pH is too high (alkalosis) |