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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agnatha
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without jaw” Pteraspida, basal Chondrichthyes have no jaws. Many have
armored shell (Ostracoderms).Their bodies contain the same mineral (Calcium Phosphate) as bone, but are not a true bone yet, have honey comb structure. |
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Actinopterygian
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(Rayfin fishes) - type of Osteichthyes (bony fish). Most of the fish we eat.
Lecture 17 Question 1. |
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Aistopods
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-A Lepospondylii. Limbless, top of skull missing and brain case exposed, similar
looking to snake. Lecture 18 Question 6 |
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Ammonite-
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lec 25 became extinct during K/T Question 6, index fossils
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Ankylosauria
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Ankylosauria - Armored dinos, well joined armor with spikes, built like tanks some even had bony eyelids. Some of the largest species developed a club tail (Ankylosaurus). 3rd type of dinosaur to be described (the actual species described was Hylaeosaurus.) Gideon Mantell. 4-8 meters. Lecture 19 Question 2, Lecture 20
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Anthracosaurids
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- reptiliomorph (between tetrapoda -> amniotes) / still close to tetrapods.
Lecture 18 |
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Apatosaurus
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- “Deceptive lizard” 23 meters, appeared in the Jurassic. Synonym is
Brontosaurus. Had unknown ways of keeping cool with its large volume but thought to have a body temp similar to ours. A member of Sauropoda. Lecture 19 & 20 |
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Australopithecus
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Ancestral hominid genera that evolved in eastern Africa. “Lucy”
(Australopithecus afarensis, 3.2 million years old) is the most famous Australopithecus (named for the song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”). Australopithecus anamensis is the oldest Australopithecus (4 million years). Pliocene era. Lecture 23 Question 6 |
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Ceratopsia
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“Horned faces.” Herbivore. 2-9 meters. Similar in size to a modern elephant. Large skull with frill extended over the neck, 2 types: those with horns on eyes
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Chondrichthyes
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Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fish. No true bones, true teeth appeared examples: sharks and rays. Lecture 17 Question 1
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Coelophysis
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One of the first Theropod dinosaurs (late Triassic) Up to 3 m. Lecture 20 Question 4
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Conodonta
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Conodonta - lecture 17 Question 6 first one to use calcium phosphate (apatite) in hard body
parts, only vertebrates use calcium phosphate in their hard parts (bones). |
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Cynodonts
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Cynodonts - Lecture 22 Question 5; group 3 of 4 of mammal ancestors (synapsid evolution) / nearly upright / small herbivores (large herbivorous dinos present). robust skull, lumbar vertebrae area (not before seen). Appear in Triassic.en
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Dinosaurs
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Dinosaurs - lecture 19 Question 3 and 20 hip bone similar to us; 3 requirements: 1) at least 5
vertebra fused in pelvis (sacrum), 2) held limbs under body, 3) terrestrial (not aquatic) |
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Eoraptor
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- One of the oldest dinosaurs, Triassic. 1m theropod. Lecture 19 Question 5.
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Hylaeosaurus
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- Lecture 19, 3rd dinosaur fossil found by Gideon Mantell 1833, Ankylosaur
(armoured dino); Early Cretaceous |
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Ichthyosaurs
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: Lec24 Q2; 1 of 3 major marine reptile groups/ (fish-like)/ bone in their eyes (largest eyes)/ fingers/ largest marine reptile was an ichthyosaur. (became extinct before K/T extinction boundary) Swimming mode: body axis, pursuit
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Iguanodon
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- Lecture 19 Question 2. 2nd dinosaur to be described. by Gideon Mantell in 1825. A type of Ornithopoda. The fossil found was a tooth which appeared similar to a modern iguana
tooth. Thumb fused into a single bone--looked like horn. cretaceous |
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Lissamphibia
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- Lecture 18 living amphibians, salientia (frogs), caudate (salamanders) and
gymnophioa (caecilians). short ribs, pedicellate teeth, tooth crowns bicuspid or multicuspid, jugal absent. Only have intercentra, lost pleurocentra entirely. Frogs only have upper teeth. |
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Mammaliaforms
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- Lecture 22; group 4 of 4 of mammal ancestors (synapsid evolution) / mammals
and their closest extinct (non-mammal) relatives; late triassic |
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Marasuchus
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- Lecture 19 Question 1. dinosauromorphs, not too big, bi-pedal, several
dinosaur features. Half a cup for hip bone joint. Late Triassic |
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Marsupials
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- “pouch” mammals. (Opossums, Kangaroos, Koala) Opossums are only
examples found outside Australia. Lecture 22 Question 1. |
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Megalosaurus
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- 1st dinosaur to be described. Buckland. Therapoda (carnivore) Lecture 19
Question 2.Jurassic |
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Microsaurs
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- A Lepospondylii (the mystery animals that don’t know where they belong)
Caecilian-like skull(may have given rise to caecilians), salamander looking animals Lecture 18 |
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Monotremes
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- Egg-laying mammals (duckbill platypus, echidnas). Only mammals that lay
eggs frm australia Lecture 22 Question 1 |
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Moranucodontids
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- they are a group of mammaliaforms that are related to mammals, late
triassic. lec 22 |
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Mosasaurs
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- Monitor lizard-like marine reptiles, late Cretaceous Lecture 24 Question 1. Body
axis and ambush body design for swimming (from the 2 by 2 table prof did) |
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Nectrideans
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-A Lepospondylii. Swimmer, boomerang shape head, backbone= single element
all fused together Lecture 18 Question 6. |
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Osteichthyes
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- Bony Fish. 2 types: lobefin (Sarcopterygii) and rayfin (Actinopterygii). Lecture
17 |
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Ornithopoda
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: The duck-billed dinos, most common herbivores, gave rise to giants, 1.5 up to
15m, bi-pedal, many had large crests either for display or communication. Lec19 |
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Pachycephalosauria
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- “Bone head”. Thick skull cap that preserves well. Bone but no bone
cells for repair. 5-8m. Lecture 19/20-Q |
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Pelycosaurs
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- Lecture 22 Question 3; group 1 of 4 of mammal ancestors (synapsid evolution) /
ectothermic = small head, Large body / slow; constant eating / some had tails. Came about in Carboniferous. |
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Placentals
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- placenta in womb- allows babies to be larger. Lecture 22 Question 1.
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Plesiosaurs
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- 2 types: short necked “pliosaurs” that had massive skulls and were apex
predators, long necked “plesiosaurs” that had small heads and were fish eaters. Lect 24. One of the three major marine reptile groups. Pliosaurs have limb and pursuit body design for swimming, long necked plesiosaurs are somewhere in between and prof said they don’t really know how the long necked plesiosaurs swam (from the 2 by 2 table prof did) |
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Prosauropoda
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- 1st large herbivore, up to 10 meters long, smaller than Sauropoda.
Importantly these dinosaurs were not fully quadrupedal like the sauropods and often stood upright to browse. Disappeared by the end of the triassic. Lecture 20 Q4 |
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Pterosaurs
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- Group of gliding/flying reptiles, one of only three groups that evolved flight: birds,
bats and pterosaurs. |
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Reptiliomorpha
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- Reptile like amphibians, both pleuro and Intercentra large, Pleurocentra
became larger, gave rise to terrestrial forms lecture 18 Question 5 |
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Sarcopterygian
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(Lobefin fishes) - Bony fish. 2 kinds: Coelacanth and lungfish. Lecture 17;
where we belong in the tree |
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Sauropoda
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- Related to Prosauropoda, but much larger, appears in the late Jurassic through the
Cretaceous. Fully Quadrupedal. Some became extremely tall (Brachiosaurus) others extremely long (Diplodocus) while others stayed fairly proportional (Camarasaurus). Had only a single large claw on each forelimb. Had unknown ways of keeping cool with its large volume but thought to have a body temp similar to ours. 15-27 meters. Lecture 20 |
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Staurikosaurus
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- One of the oldest dinosaurs. From the late Triassic. Lecture 19 Question 5.
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Stegosauria
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- one of the eight major groups of dinosaur, Plated. 4-9 meters. ; Middle to Late
Jurassic Lecture 20 |
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Temnospondyli
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- External gills a derived feature for that group, Pleurocentra lost but
Intercentra became a big disk, non-scaly, include external gill groups. Lecture 18 Question 5 |
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Tetrapoda
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- Intercentra larger than pleurocentra. Lecture 18 Question 5; common ancestor that
splits into 1) lissamphibians, 2) amniotes (mammals, reptiles/birds) |
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Therapsids
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- gave rise to cynodonts. More expanded skull opening for more powerful jaw.
Both carnivores and herbivores(in Permian). Lystrosaurus: diagnostic fossil for pangea. Lecture 22, Question 4; group 2 of 4 of mammal ancestors (synapsid evolution) / evolved as world changed to harsh conditions / “halfway standing” posture / common large herbivores / strong jaws; dry, high latitude |
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Theropoda
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- Only carnivorous group. Entirely bipedal. Lecture 20
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Marsh
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Dinosaur war. Corrected Cope’s mistake with the Elasmosaurus Plesiosaur. Lecture
19 |
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Owen
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- Coined the term Dinosauria 1842, based it on three things: 5 vertebra fused in the
pelvis (sacrum), held their limbs under their body, and terrestrial (not aquatic) |
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Triassic-
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The first dinosaurs (Hererasaurus, Staurikosaurus, and Eoraptor) appear, as well as
Cynodonts, Mammaliaformes, and Lissamphibians |
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Jurassic
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earliest Mammals, Bird
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Cretaceous
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Sea Turtle, (Snake), (Flower)
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Palaeogene
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“Age of Mammals.” Period contain the epochs: Oligocene (New World
Monkey); Eocene (Monkey, Whale, Sea Cow); Paleocene (Primates and other mammal groups) |
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Neogene
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Period contains the epochs: Pliocene- “Lucy” (Australopithecus); Miocene- Oldest hominid Sahelanthropus (7 million years old)
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Pleistocene
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- Lemurs appear late (Lecture 23), (Ice Age)
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Ornithischia
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Bird hip dinosaurs, did not give rise to birds. One of two groups of dinos. Lecture 20
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Saurischia
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- Lizard hip dinos, gave rise to birds. One of two groups of dinos. Lecture 20
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Gastrolith
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Stones in stomach to grind food
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