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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Any substance that occupies space and has mass. |
Matter. |
|
Has a positive charge, mass is calculated, and determines the element. |
Protons. |
|
Neutral charge, mass is calculated, and determines the isotope of the element. |
Neutrons. |
|
Negative charge, mass is negligible, and participates in chemical bonds between elements. |
Electrons. |
|
Elements with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. |
Isotopes. |
|
What subatomic particle(s) contribuye to mass number? |
Protons and neutrons. |
|
What subatomic particle(s) determines the element? |
Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
|
What type of elements hog electrons? |
Electronegative elements. |
|
An electrons state of potential energy. |
Energy level or electron shell. |
|
The energy that matter has because of its location or structure. |
Potential energy. |
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Elements that have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons. |
Chemically Inert Elements. |
|
Do not have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons. |
Reactive elements. |
|
What is the strongest type of bond? |
Covalent bond. |
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Chemical relationship in which 2 or more atoms SHARE electrons to become stable. |
Covalent bonds. |
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2 elements with the same electronegativity will create _____________. |
Nonpolar covalent bonds. |
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2 elements with sighted different electronegativity will create __________. |
Polar covalent bonds. |
|
Equal sharing of electrons. |
Nonpolar covalent bond. |
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Unequal sharing of electrons. |
Polar covalent bond. |
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Chemical relationship in which one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom (transfer of electrons). |
Ionic bonds. |
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Which bond creates ions (anions and cations)? |
Ionic bond. |
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Particle that record electron = net negative change. |
Anion. |
|
Particle that lost electron = net post ice charge. |
Cation. |
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In an ionic bond, the atom with the stronger ___________ takes ____________ from weaker. |
Electronegativity; electrons. |
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Chemical relationship in which 2 or more molecules that are already stable through other bonding interactions have a weak, polar interaction. |
Hydrogen bonding. |
|
Weak bonds between adjacent polar molecules. |
Hydrogen bonding. |
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________ is the only substance that’s solid floats as well as it’s liquid (less dense than its liquid). |
Water. |
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Weak polar interaction between adjacent nonpolar covalent molecules. |
van der Waals bond |
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_________ dictates function |
Form |
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Major elements in the human body? |
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. |
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T or F: All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. |
True. |
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Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken. |
Chemical reaction. |
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Chemical equations include ______________ and ______________. |
Reactants (what you start with); products (what you end with). |
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Small molecules combine to form larger molecules; always involve bond formation. |
Synthesis reaction (a.k.a. combination or anabolic) |
|
Endergonic. |
Bonds store energy. |
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Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules; always involve breaking bonds. |
Decomposition reaction (a.k.a. catabolic reaction) |
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Exergonic |
Release energy |
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Bonds are both made and broken; involves both synthesis and decomposition. |
Exchange reaction (a.k.a. displacement or rearrangement) |
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How does a higher temperature affect the rate chemical reaction? |
Faster movement. |
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How does a lower temperature affect the rate chemical reaction? |
Less movement. |
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How does a smaller particle size affect the rate chemical reaction? |
Easier to move. |
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How does a larger particle size affect the rate chemical reaction? |
More difficult to move. |
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How does more concentration affect the rate chemical reaction? |
Increased chance for collisions. |
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How does less concentration affect the rate chemical reaction? |
Decreased chance for collision. |
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How does a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction? |
Lowers energy of activation. |
|
What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions? |
Temperature, particle size, concentration, and catalyst. |
|
Properties of water. |
Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent. |
|
Permits charged solutes to stay separated in a solution. |
Polarity. |
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The water molecule is a ______________: the opposite ends have opposite charges. |
Polar molecule |
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What is cohesion? |
Surface tension (a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid). |
|
What holds water molecules together? |
Hydrogen bonds hold them together through cohesion. |
|
____________ is an attraction between different substances. |
Adhesion. |
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Water absorbs _______ from warmer air and released stored _______ to cooler air. |
Heat |
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The substance that is dissolved. |
Solute |
|
A solution in which water is the solvent. |
Aqueous solution |
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Electrolytes travel in blood separates to prevent crystallization. |
Solubility. |
|
Compound with highest concentration in a mixture. |
Universal solvent. |
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Inorganic compounds. |
Do not contain carbon; all use covalent bonding; ex. water, salts, and many acids. |
|
Organic compounds. |
Contain carbon; ex. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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A _____________ is one that has an affinity for water. |
Hydrophilic substance. |
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A ______________ is one that does not have an affinity for water. |
Hydrophobic substance |
|
Heterogenous mixture in which the solutes do not settle out. |
Colloid |
|
If it is _____ acidic, it has more hydrogen content. |
more (ph 1-6.9) |
|
______________ is the energy of motion. |
Kinetic energy |
|
pH is a _____________ scale. |
log-rhythmic |
|
If it is ______ acidic, it has more hydroxide content (OH-). |
less (7.1-14) |
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__________ are substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution. |
Buffers |
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A ___________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C. |
Calorie |
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Measure of heat energy required to raise 1g of water 1 degree C (calorie). |
High specific heat. |
|
Water absorbs excess heat during workout without significant blood temperature increase. |
High specific heat |
|
Athlete sweats. |
Heat of Vaporization |
|
Heat energy required to convert 1g of water from liquid to gas. |
Heat of Vaporization |
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Heterogenous mixture in which the solutes does settle out. |
Suspension |
|
Homogenous mixture. |
True solution |
|
The dissolving agent of a solution. |
Solvent |
|
What are the four classes of biological molecules? |
Carbohydrates, lipids proteins, and nucleic acids. |
|
What is the reverse of dehydration reaction? |
Hydrolysis. |
|
_____________ are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. |
Macromolecules |
|
_____________ is a long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks. |
Polymer |
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3 of 4 classes of organic molecules are polymers, name them. |
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
|
The polymer, lipids, goes with what monomer? |
No monomer. |
|
The polymer, protein, goes with what monomer? |
Amino acids. |
|
The polymer, nucleic acids, goes with what monomer? |
DNA. |
|
The polymer, complex carbohydrates, goes with what monomer? |
Simple sugar. |
|
What is it called when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule? |
Dehydration hydrolysis. |
|
How do polymers breakdown? |
Hydrolysis. |
|
What is the quickest form of cellular energy? |
Carbohydrates |
|
What is an isomer? |
Same formula, different arrangement. |
|
What is the R in RNA? |
It is ribose which is a carbohydrate. |
|
What is the difference in deoxyribose and ribose? |
Ribose has an extra oxygen. |
|
A ____________ is formes when a dehydration reaction chemically bonds two monosaccharides. |
Disaccharide |
|
What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Fructose = ? |
Sucrose. |
|
What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Glucose = ? |
Maltose. |
|
What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Galactose = ? |
Lactose. |
|
What is a covalent bond also called? |
Glycosidic linkage. |
|
What are the most common disaccharides? |
Maltose, lactose, and sucrose. |
|
What are polysaccharides? |
Polymers of sugar. |
|
What are carbohydrates and what are they composed of? |
They are polysaccharides, polymers composes of many sugar building blocks. |
|
Name the 2 types of polysaccharides. |
Storage and structural. |
|
T or F: Humans can digest cellulose. |
False. |
|
Name the storage polysaccharides. |
Starch (amylose, amylopectin) and glycogen. |
|
Name the structural polysaccharide(s). |
Cellulose. |
|
What is the func too on and structure of a polysaccharide determined by? |
Sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages. |
|
What are storage polysaccharides also called? |
Complex carbohydrates. |
|
What is starch? |
Storage polysaccharide of plants. |
|
Where can starch be found? |
Potatoes and grains (wheat, corn, rice) |
|
Where is starch stored? |
Within chloroplasts and other plants. |
|
What is an amylose form in starch? |
Simple, unbranched structure. |
|
T or F: Sugars are carbohydrates. |
True. |
|
What is an amylopectin form in starch? |
Complex, branches structure. |
|
What is glycogen? |
Storage polysaccharide of animals/humans. |
|
What is the form of glycogen? |
Extensively branched. |
|
Where is glycogen stored? |
In the liver and skeletal muscle. |
|
What is cellulose? |
Major component of plant cell wall. |
|
What is chitin? |
It is found in the exoskeleton of anthropods, provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi, and it is a surgical suture. |
|
T or F: Lipids form polymers. |
False. |
|
If something has little or no affinity for water, it is? |
Hydrophobic |
|
Why are lipids hydrophobic? |
They consist nonstop of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds. |
|
What are the most biologically important lipids? |
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
|
What is the most common monosaccharide? |
Glucose. |
|
____________ make up our cellular membrane. |
Phospholipids |
|
What are days made from? |
Glycerol and fatty acids. |
|
How are the components of fat joined? |
Through an easter linkage. |
|
________________ have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. |
Saturated fatty acids. |
|
Saturated fats are _________ at room temperature. |
Solid. |
|
_____________ have one or more cis double bonds. |
Unsaturated fatty acids. |
|
Unsaturated fats are _________ at room temperature. |
Liquid. |
|
How is something a cis bond? |
It is on the same side. ex. 2 hydrogens on the same side. |
|
Name the most common forms of saturated and unsaturated fats. |
Saturated - most animal fats; Unsaturated - plant fats or fish fats |
|
How is something a trans bond? |
It is on opposite sides. ex. 2 hydrogen atoms on different sides. |
|
Monosaccharides are classified by _________________. |
One carbonyl (C=O) and multi hydroxyl (-OH), the location of the carbonyl group, & the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton. |
|
If something is monounsaturated, then it has _______________. |
One double bond. |
|
If someone has a diet rich in saturated fats, it could lead to what disease? |
Cardiovascular disease. |
|
_____________ is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. |
Hydrogenation. |
|
Hydrogenating vegetable oil creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds, making what? |
Trans fats. |
|
_________ is an unsaturated fat that is not synthesized in the body and must be supplied through a person’s diet. It is required for normal growth and provides protection against cardiovascular disease. |
Omega-3 |
|
What is the major function of fats? |
Energy storage. |
|
Humans/mammals store fat in _______________. |
Adipose cells. |
|
What is a phospholipid? |
Lipid with hydrophilic head phosphate group, but the two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. |
|
When added to ___________, phospholipids self-assemble into a bilayer, hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior. |
Water. |
|
If the location of the carbonyl group is aldose, where is it? |
It is at the end (aldahide does not hide). |
|
If the location of the carbonyl is ketose, where is it? |
Within the structure. |
|
If a carbon skeleton has 6 carbons, it is a ______________. |
Hexose |
|
If a carbon skeleton has 5 carbons, it is a ______________. |
Pentose |
|
If a carbon skeleton has 3 carbons, it is a ______________. |
Triose |
|
What is the quickest form of cellular energy? |
Carbohydrates |
|
What is an isomer? |
Same formula, different arrangement. |
|
What is the R in RNA? |
It is ribose which is a carbohydrate. |
|
What is the difference in deoxyribose and ribose? |
Ribose has an extra oxygen. |
|
A ____________ is formes when a dehydration reaction chemically bonds two monosaccharides. |
Disaccharide |
|
What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Fructose = ? |
Sucrose. |
|
What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Glucose = ? |
Maltose. |
|
What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Galactose = ? |
Lactose. |
|
What is a covalent bond also called? |
Glycosidic linkage. |
|
What are the most common disaccharides? |
Maltose, lactose, and sucrose. |
|
What are polysaccharides? |
Polymers of sugar. |
|
What are carbohydrates and what are they composed of? |
They are polysaccharides, polymers composes of many sugar building blocks. |
|
Name the 2 types of polysaccharides. |
Storage and structural. |
|
T or F: Humans can digest cellulose. |
False. |
|
Name the storage polysaccharides. |
Starch (amylose, amylopectin) and glycogen. |
|
Name the structural polysaccharide(s). |
Cellulose. |
|
What is the func too on and structure of a polysaccharide determined by? |
Sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages. |
|
What are storage polysaccharides also called? |
Complex carbohydrates. |
|
What is starch? |
Storage polysaccharide of plants. |
|
Where can starch be found? |
Potatoes and grains (wheat, corn, rice) |
|
Where is starch stored? |
Within chloroplasts and other plants. |
|
What is an amylose form in starch? |
Simple, unbranched structure. |
|
T or F: Sugars are carbohydrates. |
True. |
|
What is an amylopectin form in starch? |
Complex, branches structure. |
|
What is glycogen? |
Storage polysaccharide of animals/humans. |
|
What is the form of glycogen? |
Extensively branched. |
|
Where is glycogen stored? |
In the liver and skeletal muscle. |
|
What is cellulose? |
Major component of plant cell wall. |
|
What is chitin? |
It is found in the exoskeleton of anthropods, provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi, and it is a surgical suture. |
|
T or F: Lipids form polymers. |
False. |
|
If something has little or no affinity for water, it is? |
Hydrophobic |
|
Why are lipids hydrophobic? |
They consist nonstop of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds. |
|
What are the most biologically important lipids? |
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
|
What is the most common monosaccharide? |
Glucose. |
|
____________ make up our cellular membrane. |
Phospholipids |
|
What are days made from? |
Glycerol and fatty acids. |
|
How are the components of fat joined? |
Through an easter linkage. |
|
________________ have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. |
Saturated fatty acids. |
|
Saturated fats are _________ at room temperature. |
Solid. |
|
_____________ have one or more cis double bonds. |
Unsaturated fatty acids. |
|
Unsaturated fats are _________ at room temperature. |
Liquid. |
|
How is something a cis bond? |
It is on the same side. ex. 2 hydrogens on the same side. |
|
Name the most common forms of saturated and unsaturated fats. |
Saturated - most animal fats; Unsaturated - plant fats or fish fats |
|
How is something a trans bond? |
It is on opposite sides. ex. 2 hydrogen atoms on different sides. |
|
Monosaccharides are classified by _________________. |
One carbonyl (C=O) and multi hydroxyl (-OH), the location of the carbonyl group, & the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton. |
|
If something is monounsaturated, then it has _______________. |
One double bond. |
|
If someone has a diet rich in saturated fats, it could lead to what disease? |
Cardiovascular disease. |
|
_____________ is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. |
Hydrogenation. |
|
Hydrogenating vegetable oil creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds, making what? |
Trans fats. |
|
_________ is an unsaturated fat that is not synthesized in the body and must be supplied through a person’s diet. It is required for normal growth and provides protection against cardiovascular disease. |
Omega-3 |
|
What is the major function of fats? |
Energy storage. |
|
Humans/mammals store fat in _______________. |
Adipose cells. |
|
What is a phospholipid? |
Lipid with hydrophilic head phosphate group, but the two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. |
|
When added to ___________, phospholipids self-assemble into a bilayer, hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior. |
Water. |
|
If the location of the carbonyl group is aldose, where is it? |
It is at the end (aldahide does not hide). |
|
If the location of the carbonyl is ketose, where is it? |
Within the structure. |
|
If a carbon skeleton has 6 carbons, it is a ______________. |
Hexose |
|
If a carbon skeleton has 5 carbons, it is a ______________. |
Pentose |
|
If a carbon skeleton has 3 carbons, it is a ______________. |
Triose |
|
The term steroid means “____________.” |
Cholesterol. |
|
What is the function of globular proteins? |
They play an important role in practically all biological processes. |
|
Name some globular proteins. |
Antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes. |
|
______________ are unbranched polymers built from 20 possible amino acids monomers. |
Polypeptides. |
|
___________ are organic molecules with carbonyl and amino groups. |
Amino acids. |
|
What makes amino acids differ in their properties? |
Their R groups in differing side chains. |
|
A _________ is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides. |
Protein. |
|
What are amino acids linked by? |
Peptide bonds. |
|
You will always have a(n) ___________ and a ___________ together, and you will never have 2 of each. |
Amino group, carboxyl group. |
|
What determines a protein’s three-dimensional structure? |
The sequence of amino acids. |
|
What are the four levels of protein structure? |
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. |
|
____________ are lipids characterizes by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. |
Steroids. |
|
Which structure is this—peptide bonding between adjacent amino acids with no active molecule realized? |
Primary structure. |
|
Why do we, as humans, need cholesterol? |
It’s where we derive hormones from. |
|
Proteins account for more than _______ of the day mass of most cells. |
50% |
|
Name the protein functions. |
Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances. |
|
What are enzymes classified as? |
Proteins. |
|
What are amino acids classified as? |
Proteins. |
|
What are the categories of proteins? |
Fibrous and globular. |
|
What is the function of fibrous proteins? |
The main building material of the body; mechanical support; tensile strength; and movement. |
|
Which structure is this—peptide bonding between adjacent amino acids with no active molecule realized? |
Primary structure. |
|
Which structure is this—hydrogen bonding interactions between closely associated amino acids that allow folding and realize active state for structural proteins? |
Secondary structure |
|
Which structure is this—hydrogen bonding interactions between closely associated amino acids that allow folding and realize active state for structural proteins? |
Secondary structure |
|
What structure is this—the coil structure is called an a helix and a folded structure is called a B pleated sheet? |
Secondary structure |
|
What structure is this—hydrogen bonding interaction between amino acids at distant locations along with disulfide bonding and van der Waals that realizes active state in functional (globular) proteins? |
Tertiary structure |
|
What assists in protein folding? |
Chaperonins. |
|
What can happen because of mis-folded proteins? |
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and mad cow disease. |
|
What is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance? |
Gene. |
|
What are genes made of? |
DNA. |
|
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. |
|
What is responsible for carrying the DNA message from the nucleus to the ribosome? |
mRNA. |
|
Nucleic acids are polymers called __________. |
Polynucleotides. |
|
Each nucleotide consists of a: ___________________. |
4 nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G, U), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose, ribose), and one or more phosphate groups. |
|
DNA or RNA: uracil. |
RNA. |
|
DNA or RNA: thyamine. |
DNA. |
|
Which structure is determined by interactions between R groups? |
Tertiary structure |
|
Nitrogenous base + sugar = ? |
Nucleoside. |
|
What are the 2 families of nitrogenous bases? |
Pyrimidines and purines. |
|
Describe a pyrimidine. |
Consists of cytosine, thymine, and uracil. It is a six-membered ring. |
|
Describe a purine. |
Consists of adenine and guanine. It is a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. |
|
What is the sugar in DNA? |
Deoxyribose. |
|
What is the sugar in RNA? |
Ribose. |
|
Nucleoside + phosphate group = ? |
Nucleotide. |
|
DNA or RNA: TTAGCTA. |
DNA. |
|
DNA or RNA: UUAGCUA. |
RNA. |
|
Nucleotide polymers are linked together to build a ______________. |
Polynucleotide. |
|
Strong covalent bonds called ______________ may reinforce the protein’s structure. |
Disulfide bridges. |
|
T or F: Mitochondria has its own DNA. |
True. |
|
DNA or RNA: found in limited amounts in nucleus and mitochondria. |
DNA. |
|
DNA or RNA: double helix. |
DNA. |
|
DNA or RNA: single polypeptide chains. |
RNA. |
|
DNA or RNA: found throughout cell. |
RNA. |
|
How do opposite bases in DNA bond? |
Through hydrogen bonding. |
|
Which structure is this—2 or more polypeptides (proteins) interacting that are already in their active state interacting together to improve efficiency and reduce energy demons? |
Quaternary structure. |
|
Which structure is this—results when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule? |
Quaternary structure. |
|
___________ is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains. |
Hemoglobin. |
|
In Sickle-Cell Disease, the chemical, ___________, changes the charge and therefore changes the interaction. |
Valine. |
|
What determines a protein structure? |
In addition to primary structure, physical and chemical conditions such as alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel. |
|
When a protein unravels and loses it’s native structure, what is it called? |
Denaturation. |
|
T or F: A denatured protein is biologically inactive. |
True. |
|
An atomic number of 18 means? |
18 protons. |
|
____________ compose(s) 99% of an atom’s mass. |
Neutrons and protons. |
|
Which of the following is inert: Na, O, Ne, or Cl. |
Ne. |
|
Which is the weakest type of bond? |
van der Waals |
|
Converting proteins to amino acids and glycerol groups? |
Decomposition. |
|
Removing oxygen; adding hydrogen; adding electrons? |
Reduction. |
|
Removing oxygen; adding hydrogen; adding electrons? |
Reduction. |
|
An enzyme would? |
Increase reaction rate. |
|
Which is not organic: carbohydrates, salts, lipids, or proteins? |
Salts. |
|
In a solution, the _________ is the component composing the majority. |
Solvent. |
|
In a solution, the _________ is the component composing the majority. |
Solvent. |
|
Normal pH of human blood? |
Base (7.3-7.4). |
|
When joining atoms of C, H, and O, a __________ reaction could be used. |
Dehydration synthesis. |
|
One carbon bound to 3 H is an example of what type of functional group? |
Methyl. |
|
Carbon double bound to oxygen and the OH group is an example of which functional group? |
Carboxyl. |
|
In the molecule O=O, what is occurring? |
The oxygen atoms are equally sharing 4 electrons. |