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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mendel Discovers_______ |
the rule of heredity |
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The gene is_______ |
the unit of inheritance of a trait |
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Crick discovered |
the central dogma of molecular biology (DNA-RNA-Protein) |
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Triplet_____ |
Code |
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New Disciplines: |
Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Genomics, Proteomics |
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Blending Inheritance |
blending of the genes and phenotypes; two alleles blend together and never separate |
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Particulate Theory of Inheritance |
By Mendel; gene is the unit of inheritance; rule of generic heredity; dominate and recessive traits passed down (incomplete dominance) |
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Law of Segregation |
Factors separates randomly into the gametes. Diploid (2n) into haploid (n): two phenotypes |
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Law of Independent Assortment |
Alleles for one trait are independent from another (i.e. height and color) |
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Hermann J. Muller |
Showed off mutant phenotypes with X-ray breed irradiated flies |
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Recombinants |
map the locations of genes on chromosomes |
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Enzymes are produced by______ |
Genes |
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Transmission genetics is concern with_____ |
the passing of genes from generation to generation and their assortments |
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Single circular chromosomes are in_____ |
Prokaryotes |
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Multiple linear chromosomes (DNA) are in_____ |
Eukaryotes |
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Virus |
Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) |
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Virion |
RNA without any coat protein |
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______ trait is based on one gene |
Monogenic |
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Transmission of genetic info |
DNA replication |
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Expression of genetic info |
Transcription, Translation, and Gene Regulation |
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One gene one polypeptide |
prokaryotes |
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one gene-many polypeptide |
eukaryotes |
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Social concerns in genetics |
stem cells, human cloning, in-vitro fertilization, biological weapons, synthetic cells |
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Gene: |
specific sequence of nucleotides which encodes protein/enzyme |
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Chromosome |
DNA is organized with histone proteins into these |
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Genome |
The complete DNA sequence of the haploid set in an organism |
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DNA polymerase |
key enzyme to DNA Replication |
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What acts as templates in DNA Replication? |
Original DNA strands |
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DNA synthesis is______ |
semi-discontinuous |
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DNA synthesis occurs in the_____ of the cell cycle |
S phase |
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______ acts like a template in transcription |
DNA |
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RNA polymerase is used to______ |
initiate transcription by making an RNA chain |
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mRNA is: |
a codon produced by RNA polymerase as a template for the amino acid sequence |
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Site of Translation: |
Ribosomes |
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mRNA (64 codons) is decoded by_____ |
tRNA an anti-codon |
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Ribosomal RNA: |
peptidyl transference enzyme |
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Sources of genetic variation |
independent segregation of chromosomes, recomination, mutation |
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Factors that affects genetic variation |
natural selection, gene flow, nonrandom mating, population size |
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Genetic divergence leads to_____ |
species formation |
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____ trait is where a phenotype is based on multiple genes with different% |
Polygenic |
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______ trait is where you have a single gene affect multiple traits in a a drastic way |
Pleiotropic |
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_____ discovered the 3D structure of DNA; the double helix |
James Watson and Franics Crick |
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"One gene-one polypeptide" applies to____ |
bacteria (Prokaryotes) |
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"One gene-multiple polypeptide" applies to ___ |
most multi-cellular Eukaryotes |
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____ encrypt information for transcription |
exons |
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_____ are spaces between encrypted DNA |
introns |
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Molecular genetics |
study of the molecular structure of genes |
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Population genetics |
studies heredity in groups of individuals for traits that are determined by one or only a few genes |
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Quantitative genetics |
considers the heredity of traits in groups of individuals, but the traits of concern are determined by many genes |
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Organisms for research must have a ____ life cycle |
short |
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Organisms for research must a _____ number of offspring |
large |
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Organisms for research should be _____ to handle |
easy |
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Organisms for research should have _____ genetic variation |
good |
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An insect that is good for genetic study |
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
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Single cell eukaryote good for genetic study |
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
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A worm good for genetic research |
nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
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A plant good for genetic research |
mustard weed (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
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__RNAs are translated in the cytoplasm to produce polypeptides (in the nucleus) |
messenger |
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Enzymes for DNA replication, repair, and transcription, and proteins associated with DNA to form chromosomes are made in the _____ |
cytoplasm |
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____ results in blending only of the phenotype, keeping alleles within the heterozygote distinct (making it inheritable in future generations) |
Incomplete dominance |
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Law of ______ means that two factors controlling one trait are assorted independently from the two factors controlling another trait |
Independent Assortment |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
Studied fruit flies; figuring out sex-linked inheritance (X-chromosome linking to eye color), used recombinants |
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum |
Discovery: one-gene one-enzyme concept |
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one gene-one enzyme meaning |
Each gene directly produces a single enzyme, affecting an individual step in a metabolic pathway |
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one gene-multiple polypeptide meaning |
Is done through alternative splicing |
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one gene-one polypeptide |
No introns to cut so a gene can only code for one polypeptide |
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PubMed |
literature citation, abstract and provide links to the sites with electronic versions of journal articles |
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OMIM |
database of human genes and genetic disorders |
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Blast |
compares DNA and protein sequences |
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Gene Bank |
an annotated DNA sequence database |
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Entrez |
a system for searching linked databases |
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Genetic maps |
sites of genes on the chromosome, genetic distances between them based on recombination frequencies |