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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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product rule |
The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of the individual probabilities ex. dice p (one 4)=1/6 p(two 4s)=1/36 |
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sum rule |
The probability that one or the other of two mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities. ex p(2 4s and 2 5s)= 1/36+1/36=1/18 |
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chi-square test |
A statistical test used to determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions by chance, under a specific hypothesis. χ2 test The general situation is one in which observed results are compared with those predicted by a hypothesis hypothesis will be rejected as false if there is a probability of less than 5 percent of observing a deviation from expectations at least as large as the one actually observed χ2 = Σ (O – E)2/E for all classes |
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hybrid vigor |
A situation in which an F1 is larger or healthier than its two different pure parental lines. |
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recombination |
(1) In general, any process in a diploid or partly diploid cell that generates new gene or chromosomal combinations not previously found in that cell or in its progenitors. (2) At meiosis, the process that generates a haploid product of meiosis whose genotype is different from either of the two haploid genotypes that constituted the meiotic diploid. |
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meiotic recombination |
Recombination from assortment or crossing over at meiosis. Any meiotic process that generates a haploid product with new combinations of the alleles carried by the haploid genotypes that united to form the meiocyte. |
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recombinant |
Refers to an individual organism or cell having a genotype produced by recombination. |
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polygene (quantitative trait locus [QLT]) |
A gene whose alleles are capable of interacting additively with alleles at other loci to affect a phenotype (trait) showing continuous distribution. |
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mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): |
The subset of the genome found in the mitochondrion, specializing in providing some of the organelle’s functions. |
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chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) |
The small genomic component found in the chloroplasts of plants, concerned with photosynthesis and other functions taking place within that organelle. |
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uniparental existance |
Inheritance pattern in which the progeny have the genotype and phenotype of one parent only, for example, inheritance of mitochrondrial genomes. |
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maternal inheritance |
A type of uniparental inheritance in which all progeny have the genotype and phenotype of the parent acting as the female. |
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cytoplasmic segregation |
Segregation in which genetically different daughter cells arise from a progenitor that is a cytohet. |
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law of independent assortment (Mendel’s second law): |
Unlinked or distantly linked segregating gene pairs assort independently at meiosis. |
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dihybrid cross |
A cross between two individuals identically heterozygous at two loci—for example, A B/a b X A B/a b. |
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dihybrid |
A double heterozygote such as A/a · B/b. |
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chromosome map |
A representation of all chromosomes in the genome as lines, marked with the positions of genes known from their mutant phenotypes, plus molecular markers. Based on analysis of recombinant frequency. |
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locus |
The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located |
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recombination map |
A chromosome map in which the positions of loci shown are based on recombinant frequencies. |
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linked genes |
The situation in which two genes are on the same chromosome as deduced by recombinant frequencies less than 50 percent. |
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crossing over |
The exchange of corresponding chromosome parts between homologs by breakage and reunion |
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crossover product |
Meiotic product cells with chromosomes that have engaged in a crossover |
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cis conformation |
In a heterozygote having two mutant sites within a gene or within a gene cluster, the arrangement A1A2/a1a2 |
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trans conformation |
In a heterozygote with two mutant sites within a gene or gene cluster, the arrangement a1 +/+ a2 |
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linkage map |
A chromosome map; an abstract map of chromosomal loci that is based on recombinant frequencies. |
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centimorgan |
The “distance” between two linked gene pairs where 1 percent of the products of meiosis are recombinant; a unit of distance in a linkage map. |
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recombinant frequency (RF) |
The proportion (or percentage) of recombinant cells or individuals. |
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genetic map unit (m.u.) |
A distance on the chromosome map corresponding to 1 percent recombinant frequency |
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three-point testcross |
A testcross in which one parent has three heterozygous gene pairs |
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interference |
A measure of the independence of crossovers from each other, calculated by subtracting the coefficient of coincidence from 1 |
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coefficient of coincidence (c.o.c.) |
The ratio of the observed number of double recombinants to the expected number |
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molecular marker |
A DNA sequence variant that can be used to map an interesting phenotype to a specific region of DNA |
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single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (snip) |
A nucleotide-pair difference at a given location in the genomes of two or more naturally occurring individuals |
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restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) |
A difference in DNA sequence between individuals or haplotypes that is recognized as different restriction fragment lengths. For example, a nucleotide-pair substitution can cause a restriction-enzyme-recognition site to be present in one allele of a gene and absent in another. Consequently, a probe for this DNA region will hybridize to different-sized fragments within restriction digests of DNAs from these two alleles |
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simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) |
The existence in the population of individuals showing different numbers of copies of a short simple DNA sequence at one chromosomal locus |
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variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) |
A chromosomal locus at which a particular repetitive sequence is present in different numbers in different individuals or in the two different homologs in one diploid individual |
