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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Imports -Main country -Main import |
Germany (£41.2bn) Petroleum (£18.4bn) - 42% from Norway |
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Exports -Main country -Main export |
-USA (£31.7bn) -Nuclear Reactors (£34.8bn) - Cars (£23.5bn) 8/10 cars made are exportedinewuality |
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Inequality
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The disparity between those who are well of and those who are not |
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Gini co-efficient |
A / A + B A= area between curve and y=x B= area under curve Gini co-efficient of 0 = perfectly equal |
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How much of the UK’s income comes from London? |
1/5th |
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The minimum wage |
The lowest amount of money that someone can be paid legally per hour £6.70 |
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The living wage |
Voluntary hour set independently, calculated according the basic cost of living in the UK £8.75 & £10.20 in London |
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Benefits of the living wage (X4) |
-higher work quality -easier recruitment -enhanced quality of family life - part of a solution for poverty |
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What is HS2? |
Phase 1 = London - Birmingham Phase 2 = Birmingham - Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool - Completed in 2030 at the earliest |
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How many jobs will HS2 create? |
25,000 |
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Benefits of HS2 (X5)
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- Links country, reducing inequality - creates jobs - decreases CO2 emissions, as less cars and planes will be needed - less overcrowded trains - quicker commuting |
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Cost of HS2 |
£55.7 bn |
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Homes demolished for HS2 |
140 homes, largely in Camden - 14 grade-2 listed buildings included |
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Disadvantages of HS2 (X6) |
-Cost -Will require 3x as much energy, as it is a high speed train - Pollution during building - Houses destroyed and house prices lowered - Jobs at airport lost - Threats to endangered species, and ancient woodland |
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Causes of uneven development in the UK (x4) |
Globalisation Geographical location Investment in infrastructure Economic change |
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Outsourcing |
Moving part of your company to a foreign country, for economic benefits such as cheaper wages |
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Examples of investment in infrastructure (X6) |
- HS2 - Rail networks, mostly found in the south east - Channel tunnel (1994) - Motorways - Ports - Docklands |
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What is globalisation? |
An increasingly interconnected and interdependent world |
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Interdependant |
When countries rely on each other |
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Comparative advantages |
When one country has advantages that another country may not have |
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How does geographical location cause uneven development in the UK? (X7) |
- Fertile soil - Climate - Central location - Proximity to London / Europe - Flat land (good for building on) - Proximity to resources - Transport links |
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Tertiary jobs |
Jobs in the services industry E.g lawyer, shopkeeper |
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Primary jobs |
Jobs extracting raw materials Eg. Miner, Fisherman |
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Secondary jobs |
Jobs processing raw materials to add value Eg. Factories |
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Quaternary jobs |
Jobs doing research and development of techniques Eg scientist |
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Containerisation |
-“One size fits all” container -Could have bigger boats, with many more goods -Saved 2 weeks in the whole process, as goods didn’t need to be unpacked/ packed up again |
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Why was containerisation a problem for the London Docklands? |
Bigger container ships couldn’t fit, and turn around in the Thames Eg. Container ship named ‘Panamax’ |
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Solutions for containerisation (X2 implemented solutions) |
- Rebuild on Docklands - Make a ‘new docklands’ closer to the sea (Larger docks, Widen the Thames, canal route from London to the sea) |
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The Rise of the London Docklands causes (X5) |
- Rise of London - British Empire - Globalisation of trade - Location - UK population |
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How did the Rise of London cause the Rise of the docklands (X3) |
-London had a talented, wealthy population - London’s Primacy / importance - Global financial centre |
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How did globalisation cause the Rise of the London Docklands? (X3) |
- dominance of steam powered boats for trade -international trade agreements were formed -interconnected and interdependent |
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Dates when the Victoria Dock and the Albert dock were built: |
Victoria - 1855 Albert - 1880 |
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What caused the decline of the docklands in the 1980s? (X5) |
- Competition from abroad - Poor local traffic infrastructure - intervention was too expensive, due to the recession - population decrease by 20% from 1971-1981 -containerisation |
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Population decrease from 1971-1981 |
Fell by 20% |
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How much of the London Docklands became derelict during its decline? |
60% |
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How many jobs were lost due to the decline of the London Docklands? |
10,000 |
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The docklands after the war |
Heavily bombed, and many people had moved away to the countryside / been killed |
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Abercrombie plan |
Plans for a modern and efficient city, consisting of zones 3A housing zone Would save the housing crisis |
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Changes to the docklands since 1882 (X7) |
- Gentrification - City airport runway built on side of Albert dock - Better connected roads - Old docks merged or destroyed - Canary Wharf - Royal Victoria & Albert docks have been expanded - DLR built |
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The London Docklands Development Corporation aims |
- Improve social conditions (Eg. Housing, recreational facilities) - Improve economic conditions (Eg. New jobs, better transport) - Improve environmental conditions (Eg. Reclaiming derelict land, gentrification, cleaning up docks) |
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Positive impacts of redevelopment (X3) |
- Tourism - Economic growth - Jobs |
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Negative impacts of redevelopment (X3) |
- Increase in house prices - Lots of money must be spent - Many locals / previous dockland workers left due to house prices etc. |
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What is the DLR? When was it built? |
The Docklands-Light-Railway 1987 |
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Population pyramids for advanced countries |
- Goes in slightly at the bottom, due to low birth rate - Low death rate - High life expectancy |
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Ageing index |
Elderly population /children X 100 |
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Population pyramid for a developing country |
-Triangle- wide at bottom, due to high birth rate -High death rate -Low life expectancy |
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Demographic transition model Stage 2 |
Early expanding -high birth rate, decreasing death rate, so total population grows rapidly Eg. Egypt, Kenya |
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Demographic transition model Stage 3 |
Late expanding - falling birth rate, slowly decreasing death rate - increase in population slows down, but is still fairly rapid Eg. Brazil |
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Causes of an ageing population (X4) |
- we live longer - more contraceptions, so less young people - ‘baby boomers’ hitting retirement - older people are better off financially, so can afford a higher living standard |
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Advantages of an ageing population (X4) |
- grandparents can provide childcare, so parents can work longer - elderly people take part in more volunteer or charity work - older citizens travel less, reducing our carbon footprint - more jobs available for the working age population |
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Disadvantages of an ageing population (X5) |
- increased healthcare costs - more pensions needed - retirement age extended, so less jobs for younger people - less tax contributors / working age population - children may have to look after elderly parents, disrupting work |
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Management strategies for an ageing population (X4) |
- increase retirement age - increase spending on facilities for the elderly - encourage migrants to work - government issued ‘Pensioner bonds’ in 2015, encouraging older people to save money |
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Social impacts of migration |
- overcrowding? -more diverse communities tend to be less trusting - tensions between ethnic groups -housing shortages -Uk born residents move out of areas where there are many migrants Introduction of new cultures - Brings new skills |
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Economic impacts of migration |
-extra costs for health care etc. - money may be sent back home, so we don’t receive the economic benefits - migrants often take low paid jobs - working migrants still pay tax -foreign born people are more likely to use services |
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Population pyramid for an emerging country |
-Straight sides -Relatively high life expectancy |
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Population pyramid for a development country |
-Triangle- wide at bottom, due to high birth rate -High death rate -Low life expectancy |
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Population pyramid in the UK |
- Females have slightly higher life expectancy -Baby Boomers |
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Reasons for changes in population pyramid structure |
- less children, as lower infant mortality rate, and contraceptions are more available. Also women now tend to work and marry later, do have less children, and later in life -longer life expectancy due to better healthcare |
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Causes of an ageing population |
- we live longer - more contraceptions, so less young people - ‘baby boomers’ hitting retirement - older people are better off financially, so can afford a higher living standard |
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Reasons for migration (X5) |
- to study - for work - for new opportunities - to be with family - to escape war/abuse |
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Disadvantages of an ageing population |
- increased healthcare costs - more pensions needed - retirement age extended, so less jobs for younger people - less tax contributors / working age population - children may have to look after elderly parents, disrupting work |
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Social impacts of migration (X7) |
- overcrowding? -more diverse communities tend to be less trusting - tensions between ethnic groups -housing shortages -Uk born residents move out of areas where there are many migrants -Introduction of new cultures - Brings new skills |
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Economic impacts of migration (X5) |
-extra costs for health care etc. - money may be sent back home, so we don’t receive the economic benefits - migrants often take low paid jobs - working migrants still pay tax -foreign born people are more likely to use services |
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Counter urbanisation |
The movement of people away from urban areas, to live in smaller towns and villages |
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Emigration |
The process of leaving a country, with the intention of staying in the new country for more than a year to live |
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Immigration |
The process of entering a country for more than a year |
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Reurbanisation |
The process by which people are moving back into gentrified city centres |
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Suburbanisation |
The growth of areas on the outsides of cities |
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Natural increase |
Birth rate - death rate |
