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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name four types of erosion. |
Hydraulic action, abrasion (corrasion), corrosion and attrition. |
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Name four types of transport. |
Traction, saltation, suspension and solution. |
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Define hydraulic action. Give example. |
The force of the water washes away any loose material on the bed and banks. E.g. plunge pool of a waterfall. |
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Define abrasion (corrasion). Give example. |
Stones carried in the river are washed into the bed and banks, wearing them away. E.g. pothole. |
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Define corrosion. |
The slightly acidic river water dissolves rocks made of calcium carbonate. |
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Define attrition. |
Stones collide together and are broken down becoming smaller and rounder. |
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What is traction? |
Stones are rolled along the river bed by the force of flowing water. |
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What is saltation? |
Small stones are bounced along the river bed by flowing water. |
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What is suspension? |
Particles of silt and clay float and are carried along in the flowing water. |
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What is solution? |
When some minerals dissolve in water. |
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Is saltation a form of transport or erosion? |
Transport. |
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Is attrition a form of transport or erosion? |
Erosion. |
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Is traction a form of transport or erosion? |
Transport. |
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What is deposition? |
When a river slows down it has less energy to carry its load therefore some of its material will be dropped. |
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Where does deposition happen? |
Rivers slow down and deposit material on the inside of meander bends, shallow water and when it reaches the sea. |
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What is a drainage basin? |
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. |
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Where is the source of the river? |
In the mountains. |
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What is the watershed? |
An area or a ridge of land that separates water flowing to different rivers. |
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What is the mouth of the river? |
Where the river joins the sea. |
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How is a V-shaped valley formed? |
The river cuts into the land as it flows down steep slopes, this vertical erosion creates the V-shape. |
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How is a waterfall formed? |
When a layer of hard rock lies over a layer of softer rock. The hard rock is less easily eroded, creating a steep slope and eventually a drop develops over which the water falls. |
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In which part of the river are V-shaped valleys found ? |
In the mountains, at the top/beginning of the river. |
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What is a meander? |
A curve in a river formed by sideways (lateral) erosion. |
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At which part of the river are meanders normally formed? |
In the lower part. |
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In a meander where does erosion and deposition take place? |
Erosion on the outside of the bend, where water is deeper and flows faster. Deposition on the inside of the bend. |
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How is an oxbow lake formed? |
As the loop of a meander bend becomes tighter the river may simply cut across the neck of the meander to form a straight river channel and an oxbow lake. |
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What is a delta? |
When a river enters the sea, it looses energy and the material is deposited. |
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At which part of a river are deltas normally found? |
At the mouth of a river. |
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Case study - How water landforms affect people. |
Niagara Falls A honeypot site, over six million tourists each year. The area has been filled with hotels and restaurants, creates jobs. |
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What is hard engineering? Give example. |
It uses machinery or defences constructed by people to control natural processes, e.g. building a dam |
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Advantages of hard engineering. |
Long term, very effective and often multi-purpose. |
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Disadvantages of hard engineering. |
Very expensive and may result in farmland being destroyed and countryside being spoiled. |
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What is soft engineering? Give example. |
It works with the environment, rather than trying to control it e.g. restriction of building in certain areas to create a natural floodplain. |
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Advantages of soft engineering. |
Cheap and doesn't destroy any land. |
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Disadvantages of soft engineering. |
Not always effective and has to keep being restored. |
