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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Extensional
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Normal faults accommodate which kind of strain
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Isostacy
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The principle of continents being in buoyant equilibrium is called
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Ductile
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Folds in a rock show that the rock behaved in ? Way
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Iron
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The core of the earth is probably composed mainly of
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Structural dome
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A structure in which beds dip away from a central point is called
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Seismic wave velocities
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The physical state of different layers in the earth is determined primarily by
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3
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The minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine epicenter
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daughter
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In radioactive decay, the element that is the result of the decay process is called
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Precambrian
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Which division of geologic time was the longest
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Superposition
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Within a layer of undisturbed sedimentary rock, the layers get younger going from bottom to top
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disconformity
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A contact between parallel sedimentary rocks that records missing geologic time is a
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focus
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The point within the earth where seismic waves originate
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Curie Point
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The temperature above which a material loses its magnetic properties
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Intensity
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The Modified Mercalli Index measures
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S-waves
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Which waves are slower - s waves or p waves
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Strike Slip Fault
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The San Andreas is an example of what kind of fault
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Basalt/gabbro`
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The composition of oceanic crust is similar to the igneous rock
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Crustal Rebound
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The rise of earth's crust after a glacier melts is called
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Strain
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The change in size, shape or both of a rock in response to stress is known as
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Outer Core
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The magnetic field is generated by what layer
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S waves, P waves
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Name the 2 types of body waves generated by an earthquake
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Half life
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The amount of time it takes for half the amount of an unstable isotope to decay into more stable product
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Compostion of the matter
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The classical subdivisions of the earth are based on
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S waves
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What type of body wave can travel through solids but not liquids
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Younger
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Cross cutting relationship-a feature that cuts across another feature is ? than the feature it cuts across
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Richter Scale
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Measure of earthquake magnitude that is based on largest seismic wave recorded by seismograph
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Epicenter
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Position on earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the
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isotopes
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Atoms containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called
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different rates of cooling & crystallization
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The difference in texture between intrusive & extrusive rocks is primarily due to
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lithification
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Compaction and cementation are two common processes of
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slate,phyllite,schist,gneiss
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The correct sequence of rocks that are formed when shale undergoes prograde metamorphism is
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Size
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By definition, stocks differ from batholiths in
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differential stress
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Shearing is a type of
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Kilauea in Hawaii
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A typical example of a shield volcano is
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element
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A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary methods
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Migmatite
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A metamorphic rock that has undergone partial melting to produce a mixed igneous-metamorphic rock is
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5.5
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On Moh's hardness scale, glass has a hardness of
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formation
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A body of rock of considerable thickness with characteristics that distinguish it from adjacent units
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viscocity
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the nature of a lava's mobility(fluidity) is known as
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Flood basalt
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the largest volcanic eruptions based on volume of material erupted are known as
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swamp,damp, wet
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In what type of environment does coal usually form?
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Covalent
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What type of bonding involves atoms that share electrons?
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Gravel
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what sediment size would you expect to find close to the source area of that sediment
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Si
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What is the basic building block of silicate materials
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neomorphism
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During metamorphism, the recrystallization and formation of new materials w/o changing the composition is called
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Cleavage
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The ability of a mineral to break along a preferred plane is called
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electron
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the subatomic particle that is negatively charged is called
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Hydrological cycle
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Cycle of precipitation, evaporation, infiltration that water goes through
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97.5%salty, 2.5 fresh
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Break down of water
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Stream
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surface water that flows in a confined channel
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Stream
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most important agent of erosion
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gradient, velocity,discharge
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Characteristics of streams
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erosion, transportation, deposition
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work of streams
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Dissolved load, suspended load, bed load
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ways of transportation
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competence
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maximum size particles that a stream can transport - related to velocity
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capacity
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total amount of sediment that a stream can carry - related to discharge - greater discharge/greater capacity
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baselevel
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lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel
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Sea level
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ultimate base level
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Narrow V shaped valley
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occurring when stream downcutting is rapidly occurring
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Wide valley
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stream near base level - more focused on moving side to side
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heavy rain, rapid snowmelt, dam failure
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Causes of flood
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Levees, dams, channelizing
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Flood control
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Delta, alluvial fans
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Depositional features
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Alluvial fans
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stream coming from mountains hits valley floor - slows down - drops its sediment
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Delta
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Stream flowing into standing body of water - drops out its sediment
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Porosity
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Amount of void space in a rock
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Permeability
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ability of a material to transmit a fluid
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Rock type
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Porosity depends on
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granite-bad, sandstone-good, clay very good
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Porous rocks
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Aquifer
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porous rock or sediment that freely transmits groundwater
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Aquitard
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impermeable layer that hinders groundwater movement
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subdued
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Water table is usually a _____ of the surface topography
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Springs
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occur where the water table intersect the surface
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deep
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Water wells should be drilled ______ into the zone of saturation to deal with dry years
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Zone of aeration
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void spaces not completely filled with water
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Zone of saturation
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void spaces completely filled with water
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Drawdown
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removing water faster than it can be recharged
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Cone of Depression
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Results of a permanent drawdown
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Artesian Well
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Groundwater rises above the point it was 1st encountered
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Tilted aquifer, confined aquifer(aquitard above & below)
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2 things need for artesian wells
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mining the aquifer, contamination
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2 sources of groundwater problems
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water table drops,wells go dry,subsidence
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results of mining the aquifer
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Septic tanks,gas stations,landfills,farms
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Sources of contamination
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Caverns,sinkholes,disappering streams
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Evidence of Karst topography
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work of groundwater
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caverns, speleothems, sink holes, karst topography
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wind
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waves are generated by
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windspeed,wind duration, fetch
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length, speed, & height of waves controlled by different aspects of wind such as
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Fetch
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distance of water that the wind travels over
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wave height
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distance from crest to trough
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wave length
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distance from trough to trough or crest to crest
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Longshore current
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waves arrive at shore at an angle - creates longshore drift
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rip currents
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narrow current that flows straight out to sea to return water that has piles up along shore
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terraces
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biggest indicator of emergent coast
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Beach
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Strip of sediment along the shore
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Spit
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sand bar formed by long shore drift - near encloses bay
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Bay Mouth Bar
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sand bar formed by long shore drift - enclosed bay
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Tidal flat
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area of land that is covered by water in high tide and exposed in low tide
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Head lands
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areas of land that extend into the ocean
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Estuary
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Drowned river valley - Chesapeake bay
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Tombolo
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bar of sand that connects an island to land
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barrier islands
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long sandy islands parallel to shore, separated by lagoo-not permanent - Galveston, Matogorda
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sea stacks
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isolated pillars of rock formed by rock erosion
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Rivers/streams
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Origin of sand
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jetties,groins,breakwaters
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Man made features on beach
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jetties
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Used to protect harbors
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groins
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Walls built perpendicular to shoreline to prevent longshore drift
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breakwaters
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walls built parallel to shore to create smooth waters - absorb wave energy
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sand enrichment
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bring in sand from other areas to fill in beach
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emergent
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land is rising with respect to sea level
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submergent
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water is rising relative to the land
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emergent coast
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terraces,delta,beach,spit,baymouth bar,tidal flat,headlands
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Submergent coast
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estuary,spits,beach,tombolo,tidal flats,barrier islands,sea stacks
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