Grade 10 Science - Exam Review

The weather has an atmospheric change that lasts for a short period of time, whereas the climate is when it’s a long period of time.

1. Latitude (Distance from the equator)

2. Large bodies of water

3. Ocean or air currents

4. Land formations

5. Altitude (height above sea level)

Radiation may be:

1. Absorbed (Increasing the molecular motion or spreading the molecules)

2. Transmitted (Radiation passes through)

3. Reflected (Radiation bounces off in another direction)

Regions near the equator are warmer, the radiation is directly overhead, the suns energy is concentrated on a small area, and less reflection and absorption by the atmosphere

Regions at higher latitudes are cooler, radiation enters the atmosphere at an angle, the sun’s energy is spread out over a larger area, and more reflection by the atmosphere

The complex, interacting set of components that produce Earth’s climate.

Atmosphere - Layers of gas surrounding the earth

Hydrosphere - Includes all liquid surface water, ice and water vapour

Lithosphere - All rock crust and land formations (including below the ocean)

Biosphere - All living things

Water moves, carrying thermal energy

Water changes state, releasing energy to the environment

Water moderates temperatures because of it’s high heat capacity

Water must absorb a lot of thermal energy before its temperature rises.

Water can lose a lot of energy before its temperature drops.

Bodies of water act as “energy banks” and nearby regions don’t experience such extremes of temperatures.

Permanent ice and snow in polar regions cause more of the sun’s radiation to be reflected, which is why these regions are so cold

At high altitudes (Alpine regions), the air temperature is cooler (than lower regions) because the atmospheric pressure is lower due to there being less air above that’s pushing down.

As air rises to higher altitudes it expands and cools.

1. Reflects, transmits, and absorbs the sun’s radiation

2. Provides an insulating layer to conserve energy to keep the earth warm and from extreme temperatures

3. Protects the earth by filtering out dangerous, high energy (UV or GAMMA) radiation

The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near earth’s surfaces by substances known as greenhouse gases.

The ultimate source is from the sun. This energy makes its way down in the form of radiation. Much of the high energy is transmitted through the atmosphere, making its way down to the earth’s surface. It’s then absorbed, becomes thermal energy as the surface of the earth warms. The warmer earth then re-emits the energy as infrared radiation.

Water vapour (H2O) - takes up 66% of the greenhouse effect. Feedback loop: warmer temperatures - more water evaporates - increase greenhouse effect

Methane (CH4) - From livestock, land fill and industry, present in very small amounts, per molecule CH4 can absorb 23-30 times more h to renal energy than CO2

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - composes 0.03% of the atmosphere, responsible for 25% of the greenhouse gases

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - Produced by bacteria in soil and water, 300 times more impactful than CO2 as a GHG

The greenhouse effect, but caused by humans. For example, Fossil fuels release CO2, which is acting as a blanket and trapping the sun’s heat in our atmosphere.

Natural - Volcanoes, forest fires, decomposing organic matter release CO2 and CH4

Human - Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and farming livestock.

Carbon dioxide, because it is a stable molecule that does not break down easily.

Water vapour, because warmer air holds more moisture.

Carbon source - Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, volcanic eruptions, blunting organic matter, cellular respiration

Carbon sink - Forests, oceans, plants, carbonate rocks

Livestock, landfill, and industry produces methane.

Because methane absorbs heat much better than CO2

It uses a lot of energy when the temperature drops, regions near won’t feel the extreme temperature change, and water bodies are considered energy tanks.

They think it’s CO2 because they found temperature increasing along with CO2, and extracting along with burning fossil fuels release CO2

Proxy records are preserved physical characteristics of the environment that hold historical information on the climate from the past, that can be used for data. There are signs within the records that can indicate whether the climate was cooler or warmer.

Examples - Tree cores, ice cores, ocean and lake sediments, and corals.

Albedo is the fraction of light the earth’s surface reflects. If 30% of the light is reflected, the albedo is 0.3. When sun hits dark coloured surfaces, very little is reflected.

Ice and snow have a high albedo, therefore it’s cold. Trees and grass have a low albedo, therefore it’s warm.

Positive - warmer temps - ice melts - heat is absorbed (also warming effect)

Negative - cooler temps - ice forms - more of the sun’s radiation is reflected by ice (cooling effect)

Cut consumption and waste, don’t waste food, walk instead of drive, reduce energy bills.

The above average sea surface temperature that periodically develops across the east

10s - 100s of years

Ice age - a time in earths history when earth was colder and most of the planet was covered in ice

Interglacial periods - a time between ice ages when earth warms up

Plate tectonics - The theory explaining the slow movement of the large plates on earth’s crust

Continental drift - The theory that earth’s continents used to be one super continent named Pangaea

Ocean currents and wind patterns change, distribution of land mass vs water bodies makes climates more/less moderate, uplifting of mountain ranges affects regional climate

Earth cycles between ice ages and interglacial periods every 100,000 years. Interglacial periods and ice ages keep happening because of the eccentricity of orbit (shape), tilt of angle on the earth’s axis, and precession of tilt (wobble of axis)

Volcanic Eruption - gases and dust reflect more radiation, which results in temporary cooling of Earth. Disruptions due to air and ocean currents - a periodic counter - current that causes the El Niño effect.

States - Liquid, Gas, Solid, Aqueous

Colour - Pink, Green, Blue, etc…

Clarity - Opaque, Transparent, Translucent

Oxygen - Put Magnesium Dioxide into a test tube with Hydrogen Peroxide. Put a thumb over the test tube to trap the gas, then put a glowing splint in the tube. If the fire re-ignites, Oxygen has formed.

Hydrogen - Put a piece of magnesium into a test tube with hydrochloric acid. Put the glowing splint in the test tube, if it makes a pop sound, Hydrogen has formed.

Carbon Dioxide - Put calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid into lime water. If it turns cloudy, Carbon Dioxide has formed.

Vertical columns are called families, because of their similar chemical behaviour. They all have the same amount of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.

Horizontal rows are called periods.

Metals are on the left side, Non - metals are on the right. Metalloids are on the steps

Non - metal + non - metal compounds are molecular compounds. They have prefixes.

Non - metal + metal - Ionic compounds. They do not have prefixes.

Metals - They are a solid, shiny, malleable, and conductors

Non - metals - They are a solid, liquid or gas, dull, brittle, and insulators.

Family one - Alkali metals (most reactive), they all have one valence electron

Family two - Alkali earth metals (Second most reactive), they all have 2 valence electrons

Family 17 - Halogens (Very Reactive), they all have 7 valence electrons

Family 18 - Noble Gasses (non-reactive), they are all stable

Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost shell.

Lewis dot diagram for ions have square brackets and the charge on the top right.

Lewis dot diagram for atoms are just the valance electrons as dots.

If Na gave Cl an electron to complete it’s valence electron shell, Na would have a negative 1 charge and Cl would have a positive 1 charge

10g, because reactant mass = product mass

Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement, Combustion

Acids - Chemical Formulas begin with H, EX: HCI (Hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid).

Bases - Contains a hydroxide in the formula (usually), could also contain bicarbonate, which reacts in water to make the hydroxide

Acids - Sour smell, taste, water soluble and electrical conductors when dissolved in water. Very reactive, releases H ions when dissolved in H2O. Example substances - Acetic Acid (vinegar), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), citric acid (lemons, oranges, etc)

Bases - Bitter tasting, slippery when dissolved in water, good electrical conductors when dissolved in water. Releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, breaks down proteins. Example substances - sodium hydroxide (drain cleaner), potassium hydroxide (soap), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)

pH is the measure of how acidic/basic a substance is. pH stands for power of hydrogen.

If the pH level is 0, it’s very acidic. It the pH level is 7, it’s neutral, and if the pH level is 14 it’s very basic of alkali.

When acid and base react together and form a product of water and ionic salt.

Qualitative (word descriptions) and quantitative (numerical measurements)

Physical - Anything that can be observed/detected by the 5 senses. EX: Sulfur, a yellow solid.

Chemical - How a substance behaves with another substance. EX: Iron, will tust of oxidize in the presence of oxygen.

Ionic bonding is a form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another.

Naming a non - metal and metal compound, add -ide at the end of the non - metal (metal comes first in the compound)

Using the criss-cross method

Naming metal + polyatomic ions, and using the criss cross method.

A covalent bond involves a sharing of electrons between two atoms, unlike an ionic bond where it oppositely attracts the charge ions

Prefixes are used only for when it’s a molecular compound

Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca

Phosphorus pentachloride - PCl5

Criss cross is not used

In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed. For example, the carbon atom in coal becomes carbon dioxide when it is burned. The carbon atom changes from a solid structure to gas’s but it’s mass does not change.

Mass number - The top left, # protons + # of neutrons.

Atomic number - Bottom left, is the # of protons and identifies the element.

Net charge - Top right, q = net charge, q - # of electrons

Electrons = Same # of protons

Neutrons = Mass # - protons #

An Isotope is when it’s the same element, but different number of neutrons.

Mass number - The top left, # protons + # of neutrons.

Atomic number - Bottom left, is the # of protons and identifies the element.

Net charge - Top right, q = net charge, q - # of electrons

Electrons = Same # of protons

Neutrons = Mass # - protons #

An Isotope is when it’s the same element, but different number of neutrons.

An atom with a net charge. Positive - lost an electron

Negative - gained an election

They lose electrons to become positively charged anions

Malignant - Is a cancerous cell that affects surrounding cells

Benign - Is a non cancerous cell that does not affect surrounding cells

Cancerous cells that leave the tumour and break into the blood stream, spreading throughout the body. When the tumour cells reach other parts of the body and form secondary tumours, it can be fatal if not treated.

Cancer Screening - Means checking even if there are no symptoms. Pap tests for cervical cancer, Brest self examination, PSA for prostate cancer, and observation of moles (Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, Evolving)

Diagnosis - Colonoscopy (a tiny video camera is inserted into the colon), X-ray (examinations produce pictures of internal organs), Ultrasound (Ultra high frequency sound waves bouncing off different parts of the body), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), biopsy (a small sample of tumour cells is removed and examined under a microscope)

Surgery - remove cancer cells if reachable, by cutting out the tumour. Side effects are some of the cancerous cells may still be left, and painful to recover from.

Chemotherapy - Drugs to slow or even stop the cells from dividing so fast. Side effects - hair loss, weight loss, and can damage healthy cells.

Radiation - Uses a special type of radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation in high doses targets cells and damages the DNA in their genes making it impossible for them to divide. Side effects - healthy cells are effects.

Specialized cells can adaption to a particular function, the structure the cell has are directly related to the function they are able to carry out.

Red blood cells - round, flat, smooth, carries oxygen to tissues and cells, can squeeze through narrow blood vessels.

Skin cells - flat, rough, no defined shape, reduces water loss and protects cells inside.

Bone cells - not smooth, many holes, tough, collects calcium from food, and allows growth and repair of bones.

Muscle cells - bumpy, smooth, flexible, makes the fibre shorter and causes bones to move.

White blood cells - fuzzy, ball shape, fights off infections and engulfs bacteria.

Sperm cells - long, has a head, smooth, small, can move independently and carries dna from the male parent.

Fat cells - round, smooth, transparent, stores fat molecules and energy

Nerve cells - long, thin, stretchy, conducts electrical impulses to coordinate body activity

Water and mineral transport cells - circular, tall, rough, transports water and dissolves minerals through plants

Storage cells - circular, smooth, round, contains stretch and source of energy for plants.

Photosynthetic cells - small, smooth, flat, contains chloroplasts

Sugar transport cells - flat, has many holes, rough outline, transports dissolved sugars around the plant.

Atoms (smallest particle of matter), molecules (made up one or more atoms chemically bonded together), organelles (molecules formed together to function in a cell), cell (smallest unit of life, multi or unicellular), tissues (made up of similar working cells), organ (made up of many tissues working together to function in the body), organ system (made up of many organs working together to function in a body), organism (an individual that is able to maintain a environment and carry out the basic functions of life)

Epithelial Tissue - Found in the skin and digestive tract. Protect surface from dehydration

Nerve Tissue - Found in the brain and spine cord. Communicates with body

Connective tissue - found in the bones and tendons, to support and insulate

Muscle tissue - found in the muscles, digestive tract and heart. Function is movement

Has the opportunity to become any cell

1. Cells are the most basic/smallest unit of life

2. All living things are made up of cells

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Their ability to differentiate into any cell and their ability to destroy and repair cells

Mouth - Chemically (enzymes) and Mechanically (chewing) breaks down the food

Esophagus - Muscular tube connecting mouth and esophagus. After the food has been broken down, it goes down the esophagus. The esophagus involuntarily pushing the food down (parastalsis), and it’s controlled by the nerve tissue

Stomach - produces acid and digestive enzymes. It will continue to churn the food. The stomach is lined with many nerves to detect when we’ve eaten enough.

Small intestine - 6m long, narrow, where most of the digestion occurs, goblet cells release mucus and nutrients diffuse through the walls and into the blood stream

Large intestine - also known as the colon, water is absorbed from indigestible food and the remaining solid matter is poop and from the anus.

Colitis - inflammation of the tissue lining the colon. Causes include viruses, bacteria, narrowed blood vessels and failure of the body to fight diseases.

Liver - provides digestive enzymes and bile, breaks down fat

Pancreas - provides digestive enzymes and insulin, required for balancing sugar level

Gall bladder - provides digestive enzymes

Diabetes - disease where too much or too little insulin is delivered to the blood and blood sugar are higher or lowered

Made up of the Heart, blood vessels, and blood. Main function of the circulatory system is to transport materials through the body.

Blood - made up of red blood cells (carries oxygen, nutrients and other materials, contains protein called haemogoblin), white blood cells (defend against infections) platelets(formation of blood clot to help heal) and plasma (liquid portion of the blood)

Blood vessels - Arteries are thick walled tubes that usually transport oxygenated blood to the body tissues from the heart (away from the heart, red). veins are thinner tubes that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart (towards the heart, blue)

Capillaries are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells. They exchange materials such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. (SMALL THIN WALLED BLOOD VESSELS THAT ALLOW SUBSTANCES TO PEA IN AND OUT KF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)

Heart - has four chambers that pump blood to the lungs and all body parts. The heart act as a double pump with the right side deoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body. The blood is then pumped to the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and it becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart, where it’s pumped to the rest of your body.

Water and mineral transport cells - circular, tall, rough, transports water and dissolves minerals through plants

Storage cells - circular, smooth, round, contains stretch and source of energy for plants.

Photosynthetic cells - small, smooth, flat, contains chloroplasts

Sugar transport cells - flat, has many holes, rough outline, transports dissolved sugars around the plant.

Epidermal cells - Spike, tall, rough, has hairs that absorb water from soil

Guard cells - soft, round cells in the surface of leaves

This system is responsible for providing the oxygen needed by the body and for removing the carbon dioxide produced as your body uses energy for growth, repair, and movement.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs and organs that connect the lungs to fresh air such as: the mouth, nose, pharynx (throat), trachea (windpipe), and bronchi. The main purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange.

Inside Alveoli Sac - O2 levels are high, CO2 levels are low

Inside the capillary - O2 levels are low, CO2 levels are high

Oxygen enters the bloodstream in the lungs by diffusion. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the same way. The respiratory system is adapted in several ways to make these processes as efficient as possible . The respiratory system includes a method of moving air into and out the lungs called breathing

Tuberculosis - infectious disease, easily passed. Caused by bacteria entering your body when you breath. Symptoms include fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness. Diagnosed with X rays

Lung cancer - caused by carcinogen.

SARS - severe acute respiratory syndrome. Symptoms - flu like symptoms, shortness of breath, dry cough

Diagnosed with X-rays

The circulatory system supports the respiratory system by bringing blood to and from the lungs. The circulatory system helps deliver nutrients and oxygen from the lungs throughout the body

Nucleus - Control centre of the cell

Nuclear membrane - Keeps the cell apart from the nucleus

Cell membrane - keeps some substances in, others out

Chromatin - Contains a thread like material that contains a genetic code called DNA

Cell wall - protects and supports the cell

Ribosomes - Proteins are made in this organelle

Cytoplasm - Mostly water, but also contains other substances that are stored up until the cell needs them

Endoplasmic Reticulum - Three dimensional network of branching tubes and pockets, also extends throughout the cytoplasmic nuclear membrane

Mitochondria - Provides ATP from glucose through the process called cellular respiration

Golgi Bodies - Collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell, and makes mucus

Vacuoles - When filled with water, tugor pressures keep the cells plump which keeps the plants stems and leaves firm

Lysosomes - Break down excess or worn out cell parts

Chloroplast - Absorbs chlorophyll to keep the plant green, also absorbs light and energy for photosynthesis

Animal Cell - Has no cell wall, smaller vacuole, chloroplasts

Plant cell - Larger vacuole, square shape, has a cell wall, has chloroplasts

Cell division is the process of dividing cells cells so it allows organisms to grow, heal and reproduce

90% interphase, 10% mitosis

Interphase is preparing for cell divison. It carries out its daily functions.

Prophase is where DNA compacts and becomes chromosomes. Chromosomes have two threads called Sister Chromatids. The nuclear membrane breaks down.

Metaphase is where the chromosomes line up together in the middle, and the centrists migrate to the poles. Spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromosomes in the middle.

Anaphase is when the spindle fibres are pulling the chromosomes apart, which become daughter chromosomes. Spindle fibres are still visible

Telophase is where the spindle fibres are no longer visible, and a new nuclear membrane forms around the daughter chromosomes.

Cytokinesis is when the cell finally divides

Diffusion - Chemicals travel from higher concentration to lower concentration

Osmosis - H2O moves towards an area of high concentration

Concentration - How much a chemical exists in a given value

A cancer cell is one that continues to divide despite messages from the nucleus or surrounding cells telling it to stop.

When cancer cells divide random changes can occur, known has mutations. Sometimes mutations occur in DNA that controls division.

Scientists suggest at least 7 mutations are required to convert a normal cell to a cancer cell.

Mutagens - Induces heritable change in cells or organisms.

Carcinogens - Substance that induces unregulated growth processes in cells or tissues or multicellular animals, leading to cancer. Some well known carcinogens are - X-rays, UV radiation, Smoking, Organic solvents, and viruses.

Optics is a branch of physics that studies the properties and behaviour of light.

Medical Applications - X-rays

Scientific Applications - Microscope, Teloscope

Everyday items - flashlight, lightbulb, mirrors

Environment - Street lights, northern lights

Medical Applications - X-rays

Scientific Applications - Microscope, Teloscope

Everyday items - flashlight, lightbulb, mirrors

Environment - Street lights, northern lights

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light is a visible form of energy and has the properties of a wave.

Natural sources - bioluminescence, phosphorescence

Artificial - Incandescence, Fluorescence, LED, Chemiluminescence

Benefits

Incandescent - Good colour remaining, easily dimmable and cheap.

Fluorescent - Energy efficient, long life, not as expensive

LED - Energy efficient, easy maintenance, long lasting

Disadvantages -

Incandescent - Short use, inefficient (90% heat loss)

Fluorescent - Limitations, higher cost, contains mercury

LED - Not dimmer compatible, base cost is high

Luminous - Objects that can emit light on their own

Non - Luminous - Objects that cannot emit light on their own. Objects that require reflected light

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.

Transparent - Light passes through easily, objects behind the object are seen

Translucent - Some light passes through, objects behind the object are not clearly seen

Opaque - Non light is passed through, incident ray is either absorbed or reflected, no object can be seen behind the object.

A mirror can produce an imagine, a reproduction of an original object that is produced through the use of light. It is any polished surface that exhibits reflection.

Most mirrors consist of two parts - Front part of a sheet is glass, back part is a thin layer of reflective silver or aluminum.

Plane mirror - A flat mirror

Incident ray - original, incoming ray

Reflected ray - A ray that bounces off a mirror

Normal - A line perpendicular to the mirror

Angle of incidence - Angle of the incidence ray and the normal

Angle of reflection - Angle of the reflected ray and normal

1. The angle of incidence = angle of reflection

2. The incidence, normal, and reflected ray all lie in the same plane.

Specular reflection is the reflection of light off a shiny, smooth, surface.

Diffuse reflection is the reflection off an irregular or dull surface.

The Laws of reflection hold true for both, but due to the nature of the surface, the result is different.

S - Size

A - Attitude

L - Location

T - Type

Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another. Refraction happens because the speed of light changes when it enters a material that is less optically dense or more optically dense.

When it enters an optically dense material, it bends towards the normal. It it enters a less dense material, it will bend away from the normal.

Sometimes when light strikes a material, some of it is reflected, and some of it is refracted. It produces a reflected ray, as well as a refracted ray.

Applications of a partial reflection include - mirrors sunglasses and one way mirrors.

Bioluminescence - Light produced by living things. For example - Fireflies, lantern fish

Phosphorescence - Produces light after absorbing ultraviolet energy, and in a lower energy, and has an afterglow after the exciting radiation has been over with. Examples - Glow in the dark sticks

Incandescence - light produced from an object at a high temperature. Example - Stoves

Fluorescence - Produces light after absorbing ultraviolet energy and immediately releases the energy as visible light.

Chemiluminescence - Light is produced after a chemical reaction

LED - Light is produced by a device that allows an electric current to flow in only one direction.