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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are three types of muscles?
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Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal
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Type of muscle that makes up the walls of the hollow body organs?
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Smooth
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Type of muscle that moves involuntary and produces wavelike motions of peristalsis?
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Smooth
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Type of muscle that can regulate the diameter of an opening?
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Smooth
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Type of muscle that can produce contractions as in the uterus?
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Smooth
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Type of muscle fibers (cells)that are tapered at each end and have a single, central nucleus?
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Smooth
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Type of muscle whose cells appear smooth when under a microscope?
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Smooth
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Smooth Muscle does not contain visible bands or?
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Striations
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Type of muscle that is involuntary, makes up the wall of the heart and creates the pulsing action of that organ?
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Cardiac muscle
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Type of muscle whose cells are striated?
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Cardiac/Skeletal
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Type of muscle that has one nucleus per cell and branching interconnections?
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Cardiac Muscle
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Type of muscle whose membranes between cells allow electrical impulses to travel rapidly?
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Cardiac
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These membranes appear as dark lines between cells and are called?
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Intercalated disks (inserted between cells)
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Electrical impulses that produce contraction of the cardiac muscle are ______generated?
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Self (hormones and nerve impulses help to modify)
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When viewed under a microscope this type of muscle appears heavily striated?
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Skeletal Muscle
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Type of muscle whose cells are very long and cylindrical and have multiple nuclei per cell?
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Skeletal muscle
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Why are the cells in the skeletal muscle multinucleated?
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Because it does not divide its cell contents during mitosis
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Muscle that is considered voluntary because?
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It is under conscious control
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Type of muscle tissue that contract and relax rapidly?
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Skeletal
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Type of muscle tissue that is attached to bone and produces movements at joints?
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Skeletal
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Makes up 40% of the total weight of the body mass?
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Skeletal muscle
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Composed of more than 600 individual muscles?
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Skeletal
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What are the three function of skeletal muscles?
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Movement of the skeleton
Maintenance of posture Generation of heat |
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A steady partial contraction of muscle is?
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muscle tone (keeps the body in position)
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Type of muscle that generate most of the heat in the body?
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Skeletal
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Heat is a natural by product of muscle cell_____?
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Metabolism
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When muscles are cold, the amount of heat is increased by rapid small contractions we call?
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shivering
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Muscle fibers arranged in bundles?
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Fascicles
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Fascicles are held together by?
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Connective tissue
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Surrounds the individual fibers in the fascicles?
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Endomysium
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The connective tissue layer around each fascicle?
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perimysium
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Encases the whole muscle in a tough connective sheath?
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Epimysium
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Forms the inner most layer of the deep fascia?
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Epimysium
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The tough fibrous sheath that encloses a muscle?
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Deep fascia
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Fascicles, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, and deep fascia form?
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Tendons
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The band of connective tissue that attaches to a muscle?
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Tendon
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What type of impulses stimulate skeletal muscle fibers?
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Nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord
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Nerve impulses traveling away from the CNS?
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Motor impulses
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Nerve impulses traveling toward the CNS?
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Sensory impulses
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Neurons (nerve cells) that carry impulses toward the CNS?
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Motor neurons
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A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates comprise?
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Motor Unit
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Small motor units are used in what type of coordination?
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Fine (movement of the eye)
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Large motor units are used in what type of coordination?
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Broad movements (walking, maintaining posture)
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The point at which a nerve fiber contacts a muscle cell?
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neuromuscular junction
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Where the neurotransmitter is released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle fibers?
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neurotransmitter
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The type of neurotransmitter released in the neuromuscular junction?
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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A point of communication between cells?
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Synapse
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The neuromuscular junction is an example of a?
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Synapse
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A tiny space between cells across which the neurotransmitter must travel?
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synaptic cleft
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The neurotransmitter is stored in tiny membranous sacs called?
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vesicles
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Proteins embedded in the muscle cell membrane, point of attachment for neurotransmitters?
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Receptors
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The receiving membrane of the muscle cells is known as?
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motor end plate
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Able to transmit electrical current along the plasma membrane is the property called?
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Excitability (both nerves and muscles)
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The spreading wave of the electrical current is called?
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The action potential
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Calls the muscle cells into action?
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Action potential
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What type of neurotransmitter is involved in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells?
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Acetycholine (ACh)
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The capacity of a muscle fiber to undergo shortening and to change its shape, becoming thicker?
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Contractility
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Type of filament or muscle thread that are thin and light?
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Actin
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Type of filament or muscle thread that is dark and thick?
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Myosin
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Alternating bands of actin and myosin gives the skeletal muscle it heavy ?
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striation
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A contracting subunit of skeletal muscle is?
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sarcomere
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Consists of bands of actin and myosin filaments?
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sarcomere
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Point of contact for the neurons to disperse and activate received energy?
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Axon (fiber branch)
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Paddle like extension of the myosin filament that "latch on" to the actin filaments?
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myosin heads
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Described as cross-bridges in contraction, with ATP pull the actin fibers together?
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Myosin filaments
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What are two properties of muscle cells that are needed for response to a stimulus?
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Excitability and contractility
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Type of muscle that make up the walls of the hollow body organs, blood vessels, and respiratory pathways?
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Smooth (non-striated)
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Type of muscle that line the wall of the heart, responsible for the pumping action?
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Cardiac (striated)
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Type of muscle that attaches to bones and produces movement at joints?
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Skeletal (heavily striated)
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Type of muscle that receives stimulation to contract or relax from the nervous system?
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Skeletal
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Type of muscle that is automatic without conscious thought?
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Smooth, and Cardiac
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Type of muscle that is considered to be voluntary?
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Skeletal
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3 functions of the muscle system?
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1. Movement of skeleton
2. Maintenance of Posture 3. Generation of heat |
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Steady partial contraction of muscle is?
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Muscle Tone
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One of the two muscle properties that is able to transmit electric current along the cell membrane?
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Excitability
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One of the two muscle properties that enables the muscles to shorten or to change shape?
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Contractility
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The muscle that performs the movement, Ex: biceps brachii and triceps brachii?
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Prime Mover
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The muscle that produces an opposite movement, Ex: one muscle must contract to enable the other to contract?
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Antagonist
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When muscle metabolism increases during exercise, allows blood to flow easier thru tissue, Ex: weight lifting, running?
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Vasodialation
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Type of contraction enables tone/tension to remain same but muscle shortens producing movement?
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Isotonic Contractions
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Type of contraction having no change in muscle length, but increase in muscle tone, Ex: pushing against an immovable force?
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Isometric contractions
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Palms together pushing is an example of what type of contraction?
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Isometric Contraction
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Muscles that assist to steady body parts, assist prime movers? (Helping muscle)
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Synergists
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Type of lever where the Fulcrum is located between the resistance and the effort, Ex: seesaw/scissors?
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First Class Lever
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Type of lever that has the resistance located between the fulcrum and the effort, Ex: a wheelbarrow?
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Second Class Lever
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Type of lever where the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum, Ex: Forceps/tweezers?
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Third Class Lever
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The muscular systems can be considered a system of ?
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Levers
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The lever system that is the muscle system, the bone is the?
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Lever
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The lever system that is the muscle system, the joint is the ?
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Fulcrum
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The lever system that is the muscle system, the force is applied by?
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Muscles
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Using the muscles of the back of the neck to lift the head at the joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the atlas, is what lever?
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First Class Lever System
Lever/Fulcrum=atlas Energy=trapezious Resistance=mandible |
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Raising your weight to the ball of your foot using your calf muscles is what lever?
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Secondary Class Lever
Fulcrum=ball of foot Energy=gastrocnemius Resistance=tarsal/metatarsals |
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Most lever systems in the body are?
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Third Class Lever System
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A muscle usually inserts over a joint and exerts force between the fulcrum and the resistance (visualize tweezers)?
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Third class lever system
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Type of lever system where the fulcrum is behind both the point of effort and the weight (resistance) most muscles in body are this?
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Third Class
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When the biceps brachii flexes the forearm at the elbow, the muscle exerts its force at its insertion on the radius, the weight of the hand and forearm creates the resistance, the F is elbow?
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Third class lever system
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Name the different characteristics used in naming muscles are?
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Location, size, shape, direction of fibers, number of heads, action.
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Naming characteristic for the nearby bone, or positions such as lateral, medial, internal, external?
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Location
Ex: Vastus Lateralis (lateral thigh muscle) |
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Naming characteristics for the terms such as maximus, major, minor, longus, or brevis?
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Size
Ex: Peroneus longus (lateral calf muscle) |
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Naming characteristic such as circular (orbicularis), triangular (deltoid), trapezoid (trapezius)?
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Shape
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Naming characteristice including straight (rectus), or angled (oblique)?
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Direction of fibers
Ex: Rectus Abdominis (straight) Internal oblique (angled) |
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Naming characteristic for attachement points, as indicated by the suffix (-ceps), triceps, biceps, quadriceps?
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Number of heads
bi=2 tri=3 quad=4 |
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Naming characteristic as a flexor, extensor, adductor, abductor, levator?
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Action of that muscle
Ex: Flexor Carpi (Flexes the wrist) |
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Principle muscles of this region of the body are those of facial expression and of mastication (chewing)?
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Head muscles
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Muscles of facial expression that are ring-shaped around the eyes and the mouth?
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Orbicularis Muscles
Oculi=eye Oris=mouth |
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The muscle that is the antagonist of the orbicularis oculi and is located in the upper eyelid?
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Levator palpebrae superioris
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One of the largest muscles of facial expression, forms the flesh part of the cheek?
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Buccinator
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Facial muscle also known as the trumpeter's muscle?
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Buccinator
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The antagonists of the ______ _____can produce a smile, sneer, or a grimace?
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Orbicularis oris
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How many pairs of muscle of mastication are there?
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4
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These muscles insert on and move the mandible?
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muscles of mastication
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One of the two largest muscles of mastication located superior to the ear?
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Temporalis
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One of the two largest muscles of mastication located at the angle of the mandible (jaw)?
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Masseter
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The smaller first group of muscles of mastication located entirely within the tongue?
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Intrinsic muscles
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The smaller second group of muscles of mastication that originate outside the tongue?
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Extrinsic muscles
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These muscles tend to be ribbonlike and extend up and down or obliquely in several layers and in a complex manner?
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Neck Muscles
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The strong muscle of the neck that extends superiorly from the sternum across the side of the neck to the mastoid process?
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Sternocleidomastoid
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When the left and right muscles of this muscle work together, they bring the head forward on the chest?
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Working alone, each muscle tilts and rotates the head as to orient the face toward the side opposite that muscle?
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Sternocleidomastoid
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The muscle located at the posterior of the neck, where it acts as a synergist and helps hold up the head?
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Trapezius
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Muscles of this part of the body include muscles that determine the position of the shoulder, anterior and posterior muscles that move the arm, and the muscles that move the forearm?
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Muscles of the upper extremities
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Location: Encircles the eye
Function: Closes the eye |
Orbicularis oculi
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Location: posterior of orbit to superior eyelid
Function: Opens eye |
Levator palpabrae superioris (Deep muscle) Antagonist
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Location: Encircles mouth
Function: Closes lips |
Orbicularis oris
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Location: Fleshy part of cheek
Function: Flattens cheek, helps ineating, whistling, and blowing wind instruments? |
Buccinator
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Location: Superior and proximal to ear
Function: Closes mandible |
Temporalis
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Location: At angle of mandible
Function: Closes mandible |
Masseter
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Location: Lateral, anterior neck muscle connected to the mastoid process
Function: Flexes head; rotates head toward opposite side from muscle. |
Sternocleidomastoid
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The position of the shoulder depends to a large extent on the degree of contraction of this muscle?
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Trapezius
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A triangular muscle that covers the posterior neck and extends across the posterior shoulder to insert on the clavicle and scapula?
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Trapezius
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This muscles enables one to raise the shoulders and pull them back?
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Trapezius
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Location: Middle and lower back to humerus
Function: Extends and adducts arm behind back |
Latissimus Dorsi
(swimming) |
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Location: Superior, anterior chest to humerus
Function: Flexes and adducts arm across chest; pulls shoulder forward and downward |
Pectoralis Major
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Wide muscle of the back and lateral trunk, Forms the posterior portion of the Axilla (armpit)?
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Arises from the sternum, upper ribs, and clavicle, forms the anterior wall of the armpit?
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Pectoralis major
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Below axilla on lateral part of chest, moves scapula forward when pushing something?
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Sereatus anterior
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Location: Below axilla on lateral chest to scapula
Function: Moves scapula forward; aids in raising arm; punching, or reaching forward? |
Serratus anterior
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Location: Covers shoulder joint, to lateral humerus
Function: Abducts arm |
Deltoid
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Responsible for the roundness of the upper part of the arm just inferior to shoulder?
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Deltoid
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Named for its triangular shape which resembles the Greek letter delta?
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Deltoid
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SITS muscles compose the deep muscle and their tendons of the glenoid cavity (humerus and scapula)?
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S=Supraspinatus, I=infraspinatus, T=teres minor, S=subscapularis
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Location: Anterior arm along humerus, to radius
Function: Flexes forearm at the elbow and supinates the hand ("flex your muscle") |
Biceps Brachii
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Location: Lateral forearm from distal end of humerus to distal end of radius
Function: Flexes forearm at elbow |
Brachioradialis
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Location: Posterior arm, to ulna
Function: Extends forearm to straighten upper extremity |
Triceps Brachii
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Location: Anterior forearm to hand
Function: Flex Hand |
Flexor carpi groups
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Location: Posterior forearm to hand
Function: Extends hand |
Extensor carpi groups
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Location: Anterior forearm to finger
Function: Flex fingers |
Flexor digitorum groups
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Location: Posterior forearm to fingers
Function: Extends fingers |
Extensor digitorum groups
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Superficial posterior muscle that Covers lower 1/2 of thoracic region, extends the arm?
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Latissimus dorsi
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Superficial posterior muscle that Back of arm (boxer's muscle), straightens the elbow?
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Triceps brachii
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Superficial anterior muscle that forms the front of the arm and inserts on radius?
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Biceps brachii
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Superficial anterior muscle that covers the shoulder joint?
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Deltoid
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Superficial anterior muscle, a flexor of the radial side (thumb side) of the forearm?
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brachioradialis
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Superficial anterior muscle that covers the back of the neck and extends across back of shoulders, known for its shape?
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Trapezius
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Superficial anterior muscle that flexes and adducts the arm, drawing toward the medial axis of the body, located on either side of the upper part of the chest?
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Pectoralis major
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Superficial anterior muscle that winds down and inward across the entire thigh and ends on the upper medial surface of the tibia?
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Sartorius
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Superficial anterior muscle the Anterior thigh ( part of the quadriceps femoris)?
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Rectus Femoris
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Superficial anterior muscle on lateral side of leg/calf, crosses under the foot, (eversion)?
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Peroneus longus of fibialus longus
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Superficial anterior muscle on front of calf region inverts the foot
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Tibialis anterior
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Superficial anterior muscle that is located above and near the ear, raises the lower jaw?
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Temporalis
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Superficial anterior muscle at angle of lower jaw bone?
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Masseter
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Superficial posterior muscle that forms the cushiony part of the butt, extends thigh?
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Gluteus maximus
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Superficial posterior muscle that is a flexor and the large muscle of the upper leg?
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Biceps femoris
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Largest tendon in the body, distal region of the gastrocnemius?
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Achille's tendon
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Chief muscle of the calf and leg?
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Gastocnemius
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Superficial posterior muscle that arises from the upper 2/3 of axilla border of the scapula, rotates arm laterally?
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Teres Minor
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Superficial posterior muscle that is thick, flattened, and arises from lower third of axillary border of scapula?
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Teres Major
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Extends the arm in the flexed position and rotates the arm medially?
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Teres Major
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Muscle of respiration that forms a partition below thoracic cavity and above the abdominal cavity?
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Diaphragm
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Most important muscle in breathing?
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Diaphragm
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Fills and attaches to spaces between ribs, contraction of these muscles elevates the rib cage, enlarging the thoracic cavity?
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Intercostal muscles
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Inserts on the olecranon of the ulna?
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Triceps brachii
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Location: Dome-shaped partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Function: Dome descends to enlarge thoracic cavity from top to bottom |
Diaphragm
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Location: Between ribs
Function: Elevate ribs and enlarge thoracic cavity |
Intercostals
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Location: anterior lateral abdominal wall
Function: Compress abdominal cavity and expel substances from body; flex spinal column |
External oblique, Internal oblique, transversus, rectus abdominus (muscle of the abdomen)
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Location: Pelvic Floor
Function: Aids in defecation |
Levator ani
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Location: Group of deep vertical muscles between the sacrum and the skull
Function: Extends vertebral column to produce erect posture |
Erector spinae (deep)
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Location: Superficial buttock to femur
Function: extends thigh |
Gluteus maximus
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Location: Deep buttock to femur
Function: Abducts thigh |
Gluteus medius
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Location: crosses front of hip joint to femur
Function: Flexes thigh |
Iliopsoas
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Location: Medial thigh to femur
Function: Adducts thigh |
Adductor group (adductor longus, adductor magnus)
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Location: Winds down thigh ilium to tibia
Function: Flexes thigh and leg (to sit crossed legged) |
Sartorius
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Location: Pubic bone to medial surface of tibia
Function: Adducts thigh at hip; flexes leg at knee |
Gracilis
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Location: Anterior thigh to tibia
Function: Extends leg |
Quadriceps femoris
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Muscles of the Quadriceps?
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Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus intermediate
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Location: Posterior thigh to tibia and fibula
Function: flexes leg |
Hamstring group
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Hamstring group consists of 3 muscle?
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Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, semitendinosus
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Location: Calf of leg, to calcanues, inserting by achilis tendon
Function: Plantar flexes foot at ankle (tiptoeing) |
Gastrocnemius
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Also known as the belly of the lower leg?
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Gastrocnemius
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Location: Posterior leg deep to gastrocnemius
Function: Plantar flexes foot at ankle |
Soleus
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Location: Anterior and lateral shin to foot
Function: Dorsiflexes foot, inverts foot |
Tibialis anterior
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Location: Lateral leg to foot
Function: Everts foot |
Peroneus longus or fibialis longus
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Location: Posterior leg and foot to inferior surface of toe bones
Function: Flex toes |
Flexor digitorum groups
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Location: Anterior surface of leg to superior surface of toe bones
Function: Extends Toe |
Extensor digitorum groups
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Muscles of the abdomen has three layers that extend?
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dorsally, laterally, ventrally
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Connective tissues in muscles?
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aponeuroses
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An important landmark on the abdomen, it extends from the tip of the sternum to the pubic joint (midline meeting of the aponeuroses)?
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Linea alba
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Location: Quadriceps femoris: anteriorly,center of thigh inserting the patella?
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Rectus femoris
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Location: Quadriceps femoris: Laterally superficial of thigh?
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Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis
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Location: Quadriceps femoris; Deeper/not superficial in the center of thigh?
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Vastus intermedius
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A flat deep muscle to the gastrocnemius, acts as a synergist?
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Soleus
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troph/o
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nutrition nurture (hypertrophy-increase in muscle size)
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ton/o
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tone tension (isotonic)
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metr/o
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measur
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erg/o
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work
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From superficial to deep, the correct order of muscle structure is?
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Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, deep fascia
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A cord-like structure that attaches a muscle to bone?
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Tendon
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A bundle of muscle fibers?
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Fasicles
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A connective tissue layer surrounding muscle fiber bundles?
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Perimysium
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An involuntary muscle containing intercalated disks?
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Cardiac muscle
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The immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?
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ATP
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The protein that interacts with actin to form a cross bridge?
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Myosin
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The membrane of the muscle that binds with acetylecholine (ACh)?
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Motor end plate
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The space between the neuron and the muscle cell?
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Synaptic cleft
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A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulate?
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Motor unit
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A protein that binds calcium during muscle contraction?
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Troponin
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The compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells?
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Myoglobin
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The compound that accumulates during anaerobic metabolism?
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Lactic Acid
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The muscle attachment joined to a moving part of the body?
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Insertion
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The muscle attachment joined to a more FIXED part of the body?
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Origin
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A chest muscle inferior to the axilla that moves the scapula forward?
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Serratus anterior
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A vertical muscle covering the anterior surface of the abdomen?
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Rectus abdominis
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When muscles and bones act together in the body as a lever system, the pivot point or fulcrum of the system is the?
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Joint
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The neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction is?
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ACh (acetylcholine)
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The storage form of glucose is called?
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glycogen
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