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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Spearman's Theory of intelligence? |
general: used across all domains (mental speed, executive function) specific: varies from one domain to another
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What is Cattel's theory of intelligence? |
fluid: problem solving,learning and reasoning with no prior experience (this is harder for old people) crystallized: knowledge depending on education/experience |
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YOU CAN DO IT! |
CMONN! |
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What is Gardners Multiple Intelligences theory? |
7 areas (musical, interpersonal, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal etc..) studied adults with brain injuries
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what is Sternbergs theory of successful intelligence? |
intelligence is more than academic success, one size doesn't fit all, intelligence is interacting successfully with environment
adapt: understand expectations in diff contexts shape: shape environment so that you are successful select: make selections or big changes (change major) |
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What is Piagets theory of intelligence? |
equilibrium resulting from accommodation (organizing to fit outside info) and assimilation (taking outside info in and organizing) of schemata |
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How do you calculate IQ? |
(MA/CA)X100 |
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What is the WISC intelligence scale? |
verbal comp, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed |
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How does intelligence relate to achievement? |
intelligence only accounts for 10% of achievement |
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what is difference between intelligence, achievement and aptitude? |
Intelligence: general mental capacity Achievement: what you can achieve or master Aptitude: ability to learn or develop skills in a area (talent) |
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What are the types of memory? |
short/working and long/permanent |
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what are the types of long term/permanent memory? |
declarative: information procedural: how to conceptual: understanding why episodic: events |
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How are memories formed? |
encoding (mental representation, selective vs interpretive)--> rehearsal--> elaboration |
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What are the normal types of forgetting? |
1. decay 2.inference (retroactive: near makes you forget old vs proactive: old makes you forget new) 3. loss of retrieval cues |
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what are types of forgetting related to brain injury? |
retrograde amnesia: head injury, stroke anterograde amnesia: cant form new memories, korskoff syndrome |
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how does memory change through development? |
1. strategy unavailable 2. production deficency: must prompt 3. utilization 4. mature |
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What are developmental conditions and diagnoses associated with working memory problems? |
children with down syndrome, ADHD, fetal alcohol syndrome, learning disbailities -1/10 school aged children have wm problems
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what are some ways to enhance memory? |
break down tasks, teach to initiate help, reduce wm load, scale activity, external memory aids, maximize exposure |
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what is problem solving? |
cog processes involved directed at a goal for a particular situation when no solution is obvious
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what are the steps of problem solving? |
1. representation: converts external problem to internal mental representation 2. planning: process of devising the method for problem solving and monitoring the appropriateness of the method 3. executing: do planned method 4. evaluation/self regulation |
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What are some basic developmental changes in problem solving in childhood? |
can use problem solving steps as get older can recognize problem better define better use more sophisticated strategies more planning in infants and toddlers seen in motor planning |
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Near vs far transfer |
near: on site far: online training |
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what are factors that make transferring knowledge harder? |
far transfer being younger
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what instruction is better for near vs far transfer? |
near: explicit far: mindful exploration or explicit |
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what is executive functioning? |
describes cognitive processes integral to adaptive, goal direction actions |
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what are the components of EF? |
planning, inhibition, shifting |
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what is cool vs hot EF? |
hot: incorpoate affect and emotion cool: cognitive |
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what happens to EF in toddlerhood? |
rapid changes, synaptogenesis, myeltination, synaptic pruning, working memory |
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what happens to EF in preschool? |
significant gains from 3-5 year olds, prone to errors
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what happens to EF in preadolescence? |
shifting matures alot, 9-12 also significant period |
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What is having good EF important? |
acedemic readiness and achievement, social skills, adaptive behavior, health related outcomes |
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What are the general principles regarding EF intervention? |
- those with most challenges make most gains - difficult to transfer - some challenge is important - repetition -understand activity components |
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what is attribution theory? |
how we explain events |
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what is mindset? |
set of beliefs and attitudes |
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what is fixed verses growth mindset? |
fixed: intelligence is fixed and doesnt change growth: can change and develop over time |
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what are the types of rewards? |
task contingent: do something and get rewards performance: do something to the standard success: performance plus progress |
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what are the deadly flaws of rewards? |
1. decrease intrinsic motivation 2. decrease performance 3. decrease creativity 4. decrease desired behavior 5. more cheating 6. plateau short term thinking 7. plateau addition to rewards |
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what are the three sources of motivation? |
goals knowledge metacognitive proccesses |
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What is the best way to determine a persons intelligence level? |
IQ, multiple intelligences, adaptive behavior |
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What is motivation like in school age years? |
younger children are more optimistic older students value some academic subjects more and others less
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How do knowledge for attaining goals differ by age? |
older students have more procedural knowledge and experience older students more likely to better know how to use memory strategies |
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How does age affect intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation? |
younger kids more intrinsically motivated?
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How can you help a child who procrastinates? |
cues, modeling, ZPD, coping with failure |
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how can you motivate younger children? |
communication, helping the fearful child |
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What are the academic differences between males and females? and when do they occur? |
males: better at math, problem solving, history, geography females: writing, reading comp, civics happens in adolesence |
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What are some outcomes for boys and how to change them? |
more likely to have school discipline problems, more likely to get bad grades, attending college less etc.. solutions: curriculum reflect interests, range of texts should be broader, educational games, more male teachers? |
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What is the genetic physiological view of gender differences? |
different cognitive functions are associated with different levels of the brain. male and female brains develop different which accounts for differences in performance |
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what is the socialization view? |
society instill different values on boys opposed to girls, therefore setting them up to be successful at different tasks |
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what is the differential experience view? |
similar to socialization view, girls are socialized to gravitate towards different subjects leading them to success in different areas |
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what is the cognitive processes view? |
different key processes are required to be successful in a specific acedmic domain, and boys and girls utilize these differently |
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what is the integrative view? |
a combo of two or more gender difference theories |
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How do different ethnicity groups perform in academic achievement? |
asian sometimes higher white and asian higher than african american or hispanic hispanic slightly higher than african american |
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What is the academic disengagement theory? |
asserts that there are 7 factors that influence minority scholastic achievement |
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what is the opportunity propensity account? |
race is not a factor for scholastic achievement if you control parent aspirations, student aspirations, courses students have taken, SES, student motivation |
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What is the difference between short term and working memory? |
working memory is manipulating memory, short term memory is immediate and might not have to use info for a task |
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what are the four components of transfer? |
1. initial learning experience 2. metacognitive abilities 3. context of initial learning experience and new context 4. ability to see similarities and differences |
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How is short term memory stored through working memory model? |
encoding, rehearsal, elaboration |
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what are the theoretical constructs for executive function? |
dissociable, integrative, unitary |
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what are the two dissociable areas? |
hot ( affect and emotion like inhibition) and cool ( primarily cognitive abilities like planning and problem solving, CAN BE HOT TOO) |
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how does executive functioning progress through development? |
developes last and is the first lost frontal cortex pruning, mylenation and synapotgensis 3-5 important and 9-12 |
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What does knowledge look like according to Information Processing Theory? |
organizing into files, using declarative and procedural knowledge |
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how can a success contingent reward be used in a classroom? |
pizza party (performance or progress) |
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what are the best motivation strategies for young children? |
explain why they are doing it, positive reinforcement |
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How are schemata acquired and maintained in cognition? |
abstraction, maintained through selection, gist extraction and intrepretation |
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How is inhibition helpful in classroom? |
staying in seats and not blurting out answers |
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what are types of goals related to motivation? |
learning vs performance performance approach vs avoid aproximal vs distol (short vs long term) academic vs social process vs product |
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what is Edward Thorndikes theory of connectionism? |
conduction unit is a pathway of neurons between stimulus and repsonse. types of conduction units= knowledge and behavior |
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What is Piagets theory? |
constructivism: children are geared to use environment to construct their knowledge
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what is assimilation according to Piaget? |
take new info and fit it in with current knowledge |
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what is accommodation according to piaget? |
changing or altering our schemas because of new information |
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what is the schema theory? |
a mental representation of ones knowledge or world aspects 2 forms: objects events |
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how are schema acquired? |
abstraction |
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how do schema affect what is remembered? |
selection, gist extraction, interpretation |
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how do we change schema? |
accretion, tuning (Assimilation), restructuring (Accommodation) |
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What is Vygotskys theory? |
there are two forms of knowledge: concepts and functions knowledge = internalization, adult instruction, ZPD and scaffolding |
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What is the information processing theory? |
declarative knowledge: compilation of facts "knowing that" procedural knowledge: scripts of doing this "knowing how" we learn through sensory stage, working memory, and long term memory |