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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Greek word of hematomalogy? |
Haima and Logos |
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It is a discipline that studies the development (cells) and diseases of blood (anemia and leukemia) |
Hematology |
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A test that is ordered on nearly everyone who visits a physician |
Complete Blood Count |
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What is the fundamental concept of biology and chemistry in the field of hematomalogy? |
Medical diagnosis and treatment of various disorders or diseases related or manifested in the blood and bone marrow |
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What are the assays and examinations that are performed in the laboratory? |
1. Establish a diagnosis or rule out a diagnosis 2. Confirm a physician's clinical impression 3. Detect an unsuspected disorder 4. Monitor the effects of therapy 5. Detect minimal residual disease |
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He described worms (cells) in the blood |
1657: Athanasius Kircher |
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He discovered the erythrocytes |
1658: Swammerdam |
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He discovered the human erythrocytes |
1674: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
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He described platelets as "petites plaques" |
1842: Giulio Bizzozero |
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He distinguished PMN (neutrophils) from other leukocytes |
1846: Wharton Jones |
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He is the first to complete the classification of leukocytes |
1879: Paul Ehrlich |
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He developed the Wright's stain |
1902: James Homer Wright |
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Date when hematomalogy was considered as separate science from clinical pathology |
1920 |
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Mixture of acidic and basic dyes |
Polychromatic |
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How does RBC, WBC , and platelets appearance is being analyze? |
Automation or light microscopy examination stained with Wright-Giemsa stain |
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Scientific term for cell appearance |
Morphology |
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Average volume of blood |
5 liters (adult) |
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Composition of blood |
- Liquid portion: (Serum or Plasma) 55% - Cellular portion: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & Thrombocytes 45% |
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Difference of in vivo and in vitro blood |
In vivo: blood is red and fluid state In vitro: coagulates in 5-10 mins. |
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Color difference of arterial blood from venous blood |
Arterial: bright red (oxygenated) Venous: dark purplish red (deoxygenated) |
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Thickness and viscosity of blood |
3.5 - 4.5x more viscous than water |
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Average specific gravity of blood |
1.055 |
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Average pH of blood |
7.40 (7.35-7.45) |
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Volume of blood in body weight |
75-85 mL per kilogram of body weight |
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Volume of blood according to age and gender |
Adult male: 5-6 liters Adult female: 4-5 liters Newborn: 250-350 mL |
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What are the functions of blood |
1. Respiratory - oxygen & CO2 2. Nutritional 3. Excretory - waste products 4. Buffering action - pH 5. Maintenance of body tempt. - immune substances 6. Transport of hormones - endocrine glands 7. Defense mechanism - antibodies 8. Coagulation - clotting factors, platelets |
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What are the color characteristics of plasma? |
Pale yellow: Normal Pink: slight hemolysis Red: gross hemolysis Yellow brown: icteric plasma (increased bilirubin) |
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It is the shape of erythrocytes |
Biconcave |
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Color of erythrocytes |
Salmon pink |
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Average size of erythrocytes |
Average: 6-8 um Approximate: 7.2 um |
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What does it mean if central pallor is <1/3 of the cell |
Increased hgb concentration |
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It is due to the loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and decreased RBC count |
Anemia |
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What are the four RBC parameters |
- RBC count - Hemoglobin and hematocrit - RBC indices - RBC morphology |
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RBC diluting fluid |
Isotonic solution Ex. 0.85% of NSS |
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It is the gold standard for hemoglobin determination |
Cyanmethemoglobin (HiCN) method |
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It relies on a weak solution of potassium cyanide and potassium ferrocyanide |
Drabkin's Reagent |
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It is often referred as the packed cell volume (PCV), volume of erythrocytes, or reading packed cells (pRBC) |
Hematocrit |
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Two methods of hematocrit |
1. Macrohematocrit method 2. Microhematocrit method |
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It measures parameters of a single RBC; useful in the assessment of anemia |
RBC indices/index |
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- It measures the volume/size of a single RBC - Reported in femtoliters (fL) |
Mean cell/corpuscular volume (MCV) |
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- It measures the weight/mass of hemoglobin in a single RBC - Reported in picograms (pg) |
Mean cell/corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) |
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- It measures the Hgb concentration in a single RBC; staining capacity of RBC's and amount of central pallor (g/dL) |
Mean cell/corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) |
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- It is based on the standard deviation of RBC volume/size and routinely reported by automated blood cell analyzers - Also measures the degree of anisocytosis |
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) |
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What is used to determine the RBC morphology? |
Light microscope and Wright-stained blood film |
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Diameter of RBC |
Average: 6-8 um Approximate: 7.2 um |
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It is the general term used in hematology to denote an increased variation in cells |
Anisocytosis |
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General term for mature erythrocytes that have a shape other that the normal round/discoid, biconcave appearance |
Poikicytosis |
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Color of reticulocytes stain |
Slightly blue gray |
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Used to differenciate and count young RBCs (retics) |
Nucleic acid stain or vital stains |
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Stains are dyes absorbed by live cells (cells are stained in its living state) |
Vital or Supravital |
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Contain remnants of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in its cytoplasm |
Young RBCs/Retics |
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It is loosely related category of cell types dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury |
Leukocytes |
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Increased in WBC count |
Leukocytosis |
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Decreased in WBC count |
Leukopenia |
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Decreased in WBC count |
Leukopenia |
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Uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs |
Leukemia |
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Types of Leukocytes |
- Neutrophils - Band Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes |
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A phagocytic cells whose major purpose is to engulf and destroy microorganisms and foreign material |
Neutrophils |
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Increased in neutrophils (bacterial infection) |
Neutrophilia |
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Decreased in neutrophils |
Neutropenia |
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Are cells with bright orange-red, regular cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins involved in immune system regulation |
Eosinophils |
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Increased in Eosinophils |
Eosinophilia |
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Theoretically not use Eosinophils |
Eosinopenia |
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These are cells with dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus
- Also contain histamines |
Basophils |
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Increased in basophils |
Basophilia |
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Theoretically not use Basophils |
Basopenia |
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These are recognized foreign antigens and mount humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated antagonistic responses |
Lymphocytes |
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Increased lymphocytes with variant or reactive lymphocytes; often associated with viral infections |
Lymphocytosis |
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Decreased lymphocytes associated with drug therapy or immunodeficiency |
Lymphopenia |
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An immature macrophage passing through blood from its point of origin |
Monocytes |
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Increased in monocytes and found in certain infections, collagen, vascular diseases |
Monocytosis |
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Seldomly use monocytes |
Monocytopenia |
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WBC requires what dilution? |
1:20 dilution and the diluent is dilute acid solution like hypotonic solution |
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These are true blood cells that maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs, are major cells that control hemostasis. |
Thrombocytes/Platelets |
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Shape and diameter of platelets |
Diameter: 2-4 um Shape: Round to oval |
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Elevated platelet count, signal inflammation or trauma but convey modest intrisic significance |
Thrombocytosis |
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Rare malignant condition (cancer) characterized by extremely high platelet counts and uncontrolled platelet production |
Essential thrombocythemia |
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Low platelet count, common consequence of drug treatment and may be life threatening |
Thrombocytopenia |
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Is performed on automated blood cell analyzers and includes the RBC, WBC, and Platelets |
Complete Blood (CBC) |
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An indication when one of the results from the profiling is abnormal |
Flags |
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It refers to the role of blood vessels and platelets in response to vascular injury |
Primary hemostasis |
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Describes the activation of a series of coagulation proteins in the plasma |
Secondary hemostasis |
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Third system of enzymes and cofactors digests clots to restore vessel patency |
Tertiary hemostasis/Fibrinolysis |
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What are the tests for hemostasis |
- Platelet Count - Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) - Prothrombin time (PT) - APTT - Thrombin time - Fibrinogen Assays - D-dimer assays |
