Hesc 475 Final

-Words

-Images

-Sounds,

-Physical Objects/Artifacts

-Combo of all the above

Words

Images

-Role of Observer

-Degree to which those observed know they're being observed

-Degree to white those observed know why they're being observed

-Duration of Observations

-Completely Unobtrusive Observation (being completely unnoticeable or not interacting)

-Etic (having an outside point of view while remaining objective and separate from the group)

-Covert: no one knows that they are being observed

-Descriptive notes (objective notes); "just the facts"

-Reflective notes (analytical); interpreting/connections of what you're observing

-Brief: while observation is occurring --mostly descriptive

-Expanded: after the observation is done --

filling in gaps and adding to descriptive and reflective notes

Field Notes

-Paying close attention, and then committing to memory to write in field notes after observation

Video Cameras, though there are Advantages and Disadvantages:

Adv: very rich data

Dis: may have technical problems and be too obtrusive to participants

-Structured

-Semi-Structured

-Unstructured

-Informal

This structure can have both closed and open ended questions, but if it is too closed-ended, it is no longer considered qualitative.

This structure only contains open-ended questions.

Has less control over responses on the spectrum. This interview is not scheduled and usually occurs in participant observation research. This structure may happen on the field.

-Focus group: homogenous (group of people with similar characteristics) and focuses on one overall topic

5-12, but it varies. The smaller the number, the more in-depth the interview is.

Two

used more in quantitative studies and the goal is to have the sample be a representative of the population of interest.

-everyone must have a known and nonzero probability (equal chance) at being sampled.

used in qualitative studies and goal isn't to have the sample be a representative of the population of interest but to have:

-knowledge of people who may be missed in a probability sample to understand the phenomenon.

-Case Study

-Convenience Sample

-Purposive Sample

-Quota Sample

-Chain Referral Sample

Is a non-probability sampling that is usually only one person, program, institution, event, or activity that is selected due to either being a typical or very rare case to be studied in-depth.

-Often times, you're only looking at one case, but there is a chance that looking at 1-5 would still be considered as a case study.

Usually used in Health Science where we select anyone who is convenient to the us. It is the quickest, cheapest, and easiest option due to feasibility.

(we used convenience sampling in our class project)

Where we have a predetermined idea of a sample (characteristics), and we want those certain people in our sample.

This sample is also predetermined, but this sample recruits certain proportions of participants with certain characteristics. You usually keep recruiting to meet a certain "quota".

-this ensures that underrepresented groups are included into the sample

Has two types:

-Chain referral: using people's social networks to find other participants. This is very common and is often used in research on hard-to-find or hard-to-study populations.

-Snowball Sample: common type of chain referral technique that where you recruit one person, and that person refers a friend or someone they know to the study. This technique may biased results due to having too much of a similarity between people.

Only quantitative studies, because in qualitative studies, researchers seek for a range of responses

True

n=30-50; this study is usually participant observation

n >/= 6

When we reach saturation (when you are no longer learning about new information from participants) in our data.

In qualitative studies, you have to do your analysis along the way, to see the similar themes.

-Saturation= very theoretical, known to be different due to the idea of being in the "eye of the beholder".

Homogeneity is used to encourage active participants, but heterogeneity is needed if the goal is to compare between subpopulations.

-Heterogeneity focus groups are usually broken up into two different focus groups.

What:

-Space

-Equipment

-Refreshments

-Documents

Who:

-Moderator

-Note-taker(s)

-Participants

1. Less Structured - asking 1-2 broad questions

2. More Structured- 3-5 in-depth questions

3. Wrap-Up - 1-2 concluding questions

Process x Experience Framework ("A Grand Tour"); allows to see one's process over time

False.

We should not use quantitative questions. It is better to use phrases such as:

-"How...?"

-"What...?"

process of assigning numbers to data using a set of rules.

-thermometers

-skin fold calipers

-spirometers

-questionnaires (sometimes called survey instruments)

-Paper and pencil questionnaire (can be administered one-on-one, group, or unsupervised)

-Online

-Instructions

-Questions

-Response Options

False. Questions should be mutually exclusive, closed-ended, and mutually exhaustive.

is a numeric code for "refuse to answer"

is a numeric code for "not applicable"

is a numeric code for "truly missing data"

Age, Gender/Sex, and Race/Ethnicity

A corresponding number/numeric code.

-Keep questions short and specific

-Avoid abstract terms

-Ask questions in a logical order

-Start from easy-hard questions

-Decide on placement of demographic questions and why

-Have numeric codes for all responses

-Avoid skip patterns and use N/A code instead

-Inclusion: specific characteristics of people that will be recruited into the study

-Exclusion: specific characteristics of people that will NOT be recruited into the study

everyone in population of interest

just some people from population of interest

element/set of elements; could be individual, but sometimes sampling organizations or a geographical area

Unit from sampling unit that you're actually collecting data from.

ex) Sampling students from a school;

-sampling unit= school

-observational unit= students from school