Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In the PNS what is the myelin sheath composed of
|
schwann cells
|
|
where are the schwann cells and myelin sheath located
|
axon
|
|
In the CNS what are the sheaths composed of
|
oligodendrocytes
|
|
how are white and grey matter distinguishedd
|
the myelin sheath
|
|
white matter contains what
|
myelinated axons of neurons
|
|
gray matter contains what
|
unmyelinated portions of the neurons
|
|
how is polarization established what is outside what is inside
|
by maintaining NA+ outside of the cell and K inside
|
|
resting membrane is more permeable to what
|
potassium
|
|
resting membrane what happens
|
more potassium ions leak out of the cell than sodium going into the cell
|
|
what three things force gated channels respond
|
to neurotransmitters, membrane potential shift, or other stimuli
|
|
resting potential is what
|
unstimulated polarized state of a neuron
|
|
what is a graded potential
|
the change in resting potential of plasma membrane
|
|
how does the graded potential start
|
the change in resting potential is because of a stimulus
|
|
what does a graded potential cause the gates to do
|
open the channels so either Na or K enters or exits
|
|
when sodium ions enter the membrane becomes
|
depolarized
|
|
when the membrane is depolarized it is what charge
|
positive
|
|
if the stimulus opens the K channels what type of polarizations is it
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
how does hyperpolarization effect the membrane's charge
|
becomes negative
|
|
what is the cell body of a neuron called
|
soma
|
|
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the soma called
|
Nissl bodies
|
|
what is the cytoplasm of the axon
|
axoplasm
|
|
what is the plasma membrane of a axon
|
axolemma
|
|
sensory neurons are also called
|
afferent
|
|
what do sensory/afferent neurons do
|
transmit sensory impulses from the skin to the CNS
|
|
Motor neurons are also called
|
efferent
|
|
motor/efferent neurons do what
|
transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors or target cells
|
|
what are the3 categories of effectors
|
muscles glands organs
|
|
what do interneurons do
|
transmit impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
|
|
where are the interneurons located
|
CNS
|
|
what are gyrus
|
elevated ridge
|
|
what is a sulcus
|
a shallow groove
|
|
what is a fissure
|
deep groobe
|
|
the cerebral cortex is
-composed of what type of neurons -what color and forms what part |
thin outer layer-the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
|
|
what color is the cerebral cortex
|
gray matter
|
|
what is control from the cerebral cortex
|
speech, evaluation of stimuli, conscious thinking, skeletal muscles
|
|
where is the cerebral white matter
|
underneath the cerebral cortex
|
|
what connects the cerebrum to the brainstem
|
diencephalon
|
|
pain, pressure, sensitivity to temperature are evaluated here before cerebrum
|
thalamus
|
|
epithalamus contains what gland
|
pineal gland
|
|
what does the pineal gland secrete
|
melatonin
|
|
who is responsible for sleep cycle
|
the pineal gland inside the epithalamus
|
|
what does the hypothalamus regulate
|
autonomic nervous system, emotion, behavior hunger thirst body temperature and clock
|
|
what two hormones does the hypothalamus produce
|
antidiuretic and oxytocin
|
|
what is antidiuretic
|
ADH
|
|
what else does the hypothalamus release
|
releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland
|
|
the forebrain controls what
|
motor, sensory, association
|
|
what is located in the forebrain or prosencephalon
|
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, epithalamus, pineal gland
|
|
where is the cardiovascular center and respiratory center located
|
in the hindbrain or rhombocephalon
|
|
somatic nervous system does what
|
contraction of skeletal muscles
|
|
autonomic nervous system controls what
|
organs, glands, involuntary muscles
|
|
autonomic nervous has two division
|
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
action. heart rate , sugar increase into blood,flight or fight response
|
|
parasympathetic system activates
|
tranquil functions like saliva or digestive enzymes
|
|
how does the transmission of a nerve impulse occur
|
along the neuron from one end to the other
|
|
what is the result of of the electrical changes across the membrane of a neuron
|
transmission of a nerve impulse
|
|
what is the membrane of an unstimulated neuron like
|
polarized
|
|
what does polarized mean
|
there is a difference of electrical charge between the outside and inside of a membrane
|
|
what is the inside of a neuron charged when it is polarized
|
the inside is negative the outside is positive
|
|
resting membrane potential means the nerve is
|
polarized
|
|
multipolar neurons have how many axons versus dendrites
|
one axon to numerous dendrites
|
|
which is the most common neuron
|
multipolar
|
|
bipolar neurons have now many axons to dendrites
|
one axon one dendrite
|
|
what are bipolar neurons found as
|
specialized sensory neurons
|
|
what are the specialized sensory neurons
|
eye ear olfactory
|
|
what are unipolar neurons in respect to axon and dendrites
|
two axons leading to the cell
|
|
unipolar neurons are mainly what type of neuron
|
senory neurons
|
|
what is a nerve fiber
|
an axon
|
|
what is a bundle of nerve fibers
|
a nerve
|
|
where are nerves found
|
pns
|
|
what are cell bodues grouped into seperate bundles
|
ganglia
|
|
3 layers of the peripheral nerve
|
epineurium
perineurium endoneurium |
|
what does the epineurium cover
|
outer layer that surrounds the entire nerve
|
|
what does the perineurium cover
|
bundles of axons
|
|
what are bundles of axons called
|
fascicles
|
|
what surrounds each individual axon
|
endoneurium
|
|
what is a nerve tract
|
bundle of nerve fibers
|
|
where is the nerve tract found
|
CNS
|
|
which cell give the star shaped appearance
|
astrocytes
|
|
what do astrocytes do
|
maintain the ion balance
|
|
which cell controls the exchange of materials between blood vessels and neurons
|
astrocytes
|
|
what are the phagocytic macrophages in the nervous system
|
microglia
|
|
what cells line the fluid‐filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Many are ciliated.
|
ependymal cells
|
|
what do schwann cells do
|
interrupt the continuous conduction of a nerve impulse
|
|
axon potentials are only generater where
|
at the nodes of ranvier
|
|
describe salutatory conduction
|
the appearance of nerve impulses jumping from node to node. because of the myelin sheath, they do not go accross that area.
|