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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Negatively charged ions
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anions
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An amino acid produced and stored in the myocytes of the atria.
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atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)
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Pressure receptors located in the arch of the aorta and carotid sinus that detect arterial pressure changes
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baroreceptors
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positively charged ions
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cations
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Net gain of water in the extracellular spaces
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dilutional effect
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Electrically charged mirosolutes found in body fluids
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electrolytes
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A high osmolarity state in which the concentration of particles is greater on one side of a membrane than the other side of the memebrane: in the body, the solution has a higher osmolarity than exists inside of the cells.
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Hypertonic
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Excess volume of circulating fluids
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hypervolemia
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a low-osmolarity state in which the concentration of particles in a solution is greater on one side of a membrane than on the other side of the membrane; in the body, the solution has a lower osmolality than exists inside of the cells.
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hypotonic
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Decreased volume of circulating fluids
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hypovolemic
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fluid compartment within the body's cells; composes approximately two thirds of the total body water
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intracellular
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Fluid compartment in the blood vessels; fluid is available for exchange of nutrients and oxygen
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intravascular
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The concentration of particles in a solution on one side of a membrane is the same as it is on the other side of the membrane; in the body, it closely approximates normal serum plasma osmolality.
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Isotonic
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the net diffusion of water from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration across the cell membrane; occurs as the result of osmotic pressure
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osmosis
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The solute concentration per volume of a solution (refers to body fluids)
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osmolality
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The solute concentration per volume of a solution (refers to outside of body)
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osmolarity
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Name examples of serous cavities
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pericardial sac, Pleural, peritoneal
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a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid
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serous membrane
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Osmolarity of intravenous fluids
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tonicity
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In what compartment are 2/3 of the body fluids located?
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Intracellular
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Why are infants more vulnerable to serious, rapid fluid volume deficits?
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1. inability to concentrate urine
2. surface area > volume 3. increased metabolic rate |
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Fluid balance in the elderly is affected by: (4)
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1. alterations in thirst/hunger
2. decreased renal function 3. Chronic illness 4. Medications |
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What is the major intracellular electrolyte?
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Potassium
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What is the major extracellular electrolyte?
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Sodium
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What active transport mechanism helps maintain fluid balance?
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Na+/K+ pump
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What passive transport mechanism helps maintain fluid balance?
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Osmosis
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What compartments make up the extracellular compartment?
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intravascular c., interstitial c., transcellular c.
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What fluid is found in the intravascular compartment?
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Plasma
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What material helps distribute interstitial fluid in the interstitial compartment?
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tissue gel
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What makes up the transcellular compartment?
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joints
connective tissue bones body cavities CSF |
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What does osmolality indicate?
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hydration status
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What is the value for normal serum osmolality?
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280-300 mOm/kg
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What does decreased serum osmolality indicate?
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hemodilution or fluid volume excess
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What does increased serum osmolality indicate?
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hemoconcentration or fluid volume deficit
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What conditions might increase osmolality?
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Hyperglycemia
Diabetes Insipidus Hypernatremia |
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What conditions might decrease osmolality?
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SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone)
ADH-secreting carcinomas of the lungs |
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What do the Starling forces control?
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The movement of fluids between the interstitial and intravascular compartments
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What are the four Starling forces?
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1. Capillary hydrostatic (filtration) pressure
2. Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure 3. Tissue hydrostatic pressure 4. Interstitial fluid pressure |
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Which of the four Starling forces draw fluid into the capillaries by the concentration of plasma proteins?
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Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
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Which of the four Starling forces opposes the fluid leaving the capillaries?
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Interstitial Fluid Pressure
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Which of the four Starling forces moves fluid from the capillaries to the interstitial spaces, usually in the arteries.
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Capillary hydrostatic (filtration) pressure
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Which of the four Starling forces pulls fluid out of the capillaries?
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Tissue hydrostatic pressure
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What structure in the brain regulates thirst and renal excretion
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hypothalmus
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Name four conditions that cause thirst sensation
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1. incr. serum osmolality
2. decr. arterial BP/blood volume 3. incr. secretion of Angiotensin II 4. mouth dryness |
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Name four conditions that decrease thirst
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1. decr. serum omolality
2. incr. arterial BP/Blood volume 3. decr. secretion of Angiotensin II 4. Stomach distension |
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What is released by the hypothalamus when there is a decr. of serum Na+ or K+
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Adencorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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What does ACTH do?
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Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
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What is the action of aldosterone?
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causes sodium reabsorption which in turn causes water to be reabsorbed (in the renal tubules)
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what is the "salt regulating hormone?"
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Aldosterone
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What organ secretes Aldosterone?
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the Adrenal Cortex
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Where is ADH secreted?
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the posterior pituitary
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What signal causes the secretion of ADH?
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a change in the concentration of body fluid detected by the hypothalamus.
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What hormone does the kidney release in response to decr. of Na+ in the ECF?
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Renin
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How does renin increase blood pressure?
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1. causes the release of Angiotensin I
2. which converts to Angionensin II which is a vasoconstrictor and causes retention of Na+/water |
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What three hormones respond to decreases in blood volume
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ADH, renin and aldosterone
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What is the most common cause of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?
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CHF
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Localized edema is caused by an imbalance of which Starling force
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increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
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Other than CHF, increased cap. hydrostatic pressure can be caused by:
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renal failure, prolonged standing, hepatic obstruction and decreased venous circulation (thrombophlebitis)
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What is the underlying cause of decreased cap. colloidal pressure?
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decreased plasma proteins (like albumin)
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What pathologies lead to decreased cap. colloidal pressure?
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liver failure
starvation protein malnutrition burn injuries |
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What conditions cause increased capillary permeability? (6)
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Burns
Inflammation direct Trauma Bacterial infections Immune reactions certain Toxins |
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When capillary permeability is increased, what Starling force will also increase and what will the result be?
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Tissue colloidal osmotic pressure will increase and that will cause more fluid to be attracted to the area.
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