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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. The Treaty of Utrecht ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to which European nation?
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England
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2. The Bourbon reform reached its climax under which monarch?
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Charles III
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3. What was a characteristic of the thought and policies of the 18th century Spanish Enlightenment?
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A rigid orthodoxy in religion and politics
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4. What was one reason for the failure of the Bourbon reforms to achieve their goals?
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Opposition of conservatives to a much-needed land reform
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5. What was the first breach in the monopoly of the Cádiz merchant guild over trade to Spanish America?
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Organization of the Caracas Company
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6. What was a characteristic of the economy of Spanish America in the late Bourbon period?
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A trend toward regional specialization and monoculture in the production of cash crops
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7. Why was there a decline of Spanish colonial manufacturing in the late 18th century?
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Suffered a decline as a result of competition from foreign goods
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8. In the late 18th century, the importance of debt servitude and the rigor of its enforcement depended on what?
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The availability of labor
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9. The intendant system was introduced in the late 18th century to increase what?
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Increase royal revenues from the Spanish colonies
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10. The organization and curricula of Spanish American colonial universities were closely patterned on those of which university?
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University of Salamanca in Spain
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11. Who wrote the Royal Commentaries of the Inca, a work that continues to influence our image of the Inca Empire?
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Garcilaso de la Vega
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12. Which clergy made the most skillful effort to reconcile church dogma and Enlightenment ideas?
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The Jesuits
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13. Who wrote the monumental General History of the Things of New Spain, a veritable encyclopedia of Aztec culture?
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Bernardino de Sahagún
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14. How did the great revolt of Tupac Amaru begin?
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With the execution of the corregidor Antonio de Arriaga
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15. Why did Bourbon Spain fail to reconquer its colonial trade?
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Because of its own national industrial weakness and its failure to keep sea-lanes open during wartime
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16. Why was the Quito Insurrection of 1765 different than most 18th century revolts?
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Because it was a revolt that united elites, artisans, and shopkeepers against royal taxes and monopolies
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1. In the late 18th century, how was the conflict of interests between Spain and its colonies most sharply expressed?
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In the cleavage between creoles and peninsulars
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2. What was one factor responsible for the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the Spanish colonies?
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The circulation of scientific texts based on the theories of Descartes, Newton, and Leibnitz
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3. How did the success of a slave revolt in Haiti affect the creole elites?
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It dampened interest in independence among creole elites
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4. What was one important consequence of Spain’s alliance with Napoleon against England?
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Spain’s opening of Spanish American ports to trade with neutral nations
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5. What did creole leaders do as a result of Napoleon’s decision to place his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne?
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They prepared to seize power on the pretext of loyalty to Ferdinand VII
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6. What was a major difference between the American Revolution and the Latin American struggle for independence?
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The latter lacked the popular base provided by the more democratic society of the English colonies
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7. What did the Venezuelan constitution of 1811 abolish?
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It abolished indigenous tribute
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8. Why did the Venezuelan llaneros initially support the royalist cause?
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Because the Venezuelan republic attempted to transform them into semi servile peons
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9. What was a distinctive feature of Bolívar’s military leadership?
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It was his advancement of soldiers for merit, without regard to social background or color
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10. What was Bolívar’s vision for the political program for Venezuela?
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A republican regime with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite
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11. Where was the last major battle of the Spanish American wars for independence fought?
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At Ayacucho, Peru, December 9, 1824
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12. What event precipitated Brazil’s declaration of independence?
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The refusal of Dom Pedro to obey the order of the Cortés that he returns to Portugal
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13. What distinguished the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico from other Latin American revolutions?
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The large-scale participation of the indigenous and mixed-blood proletariat
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14. Did the Latin American wars of independence leave the existing economic and social structures basically intact?
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Yes
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15. Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture?
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A former slave who led the Haitian Revolution in its demand for the abolition of slavery
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16. Who was the woman who saved Bolívar’s life, known as “La Libertadora” (the female liberator)?
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Manuela Saenz
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