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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Analytic languages |
make extensive use of prepositions, word order, and auxiliary verbs |
Extensive |
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Synthetic languages |
indicate the relation of words in sentences largely through inflection |
Indicate |
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Norman Conquest year |
1066 |
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4 Theories of the Origins of Language |
1. Divine fiat 2. Echoic/onomatopoeic 3. Interjectional 4. Platonic |
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Definition of "language" |
the vocal and audible medium of human communication
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Definition of "writing" |
a record of language |
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499 - ~900 |
Germanic Conquest
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43 A.D.
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Roman Conquest |
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597 |
Roman missions work under Pope Gregory the Great |
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What 4 things separate Germanic languages from other Indo-European languages?
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1. Grimm's Law 2. Germanic verbs 3. Germanic adjectives 4. Fixed/stressed accent rather than variable |
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Grimm's Law definition (steps) |
Indo-European fricatives became voiced stops in Germanic
Voiced stops became voiceless Voiceless stops became fricatives |
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With what 3 languages did English most often come into contact? |
Latin, Scandinavian, and Celtic |
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How did Latin affect English? |
1. It spurred English to use prefixes, suffixes, and compounds. 2. Roman missionaries offered the most influence. 3. Mostly words about food, agriculture, and war stuck. |
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In what ways does language grow and decay? |
It grows and decays through pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. |
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Definition of "phonemes" |
Phonemes are the smallest unit of speech that, in any given language, distinguish one utterance from another.
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Smallest |
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Definition of "morphemes" |
Morphemes are meaningful linguistic units which contain no smaller meaningful parts. |
Smallest meaningful |
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Give an example of a phoneme |
The alphabet, ph, th... |
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Give an example of a morpheme |
A sentence, a phrase... |
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Definition of "syntax" |
Syntax is the habitual patterns for arranging morphemes into longer, meaningful units |
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Things all Indo-European languages have in common |
1. They are inflectional in structure (with such distinctions as gender, tense, voice, case, number, mood...)
2. Common word stock |
2 things |
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3 parts of syntax |
1. word order 2. inflectional morphemes 3. functional words (prepositions, auxiliary verbs...) |
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Indo-European structural levels of language |
1. Phonemes 2. Morphemes 3. Syntax 4. Developmental elements |
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Name the 7 living branches of the Indo-European family |
Iranian Celtic, Hellenic, Armenian, Italic Germanic, Albanian, Balto-Slovic, Indian |
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Name the 2 dead branches of the Indo-European family |
Hittite and Trochaic
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Old English dates and subtitle |
450-1150 The period of full inflections |
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Middle English dates and subtitle |
1150-1500 Period of leveled inflections |
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Modern English dates and subtitle |
1500+ Period of lost inflections |
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Date of the Benediction Reform |
~975 |
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Hypotactic |
high proportion of long sentences with subordination (subordinate clauses) |
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Paratactic |
shorter sentences and higher proportion of principal clauses (less mature, simpler) |
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3 reasons languages change |
1. Natural change 2. Geographic division/isolation 3. Contact with other languages |
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Definition of "markedness" |
the determination of the difficulty of specific linguistic structures |
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