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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Charles Grandison Finney?
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He was the most influential advocate of dynamic Protestantism.
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How did Charles Grandison Finney's teachings differ from traditional Calvinist beliefs?
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Finney believed humans could accept or reject Divine grace.
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How did some Americans react to changes in their country in the first two decades of the nineteenth century?
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They withdrew into covenanted communities to prepare for the end of days.
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Why did separatist communities withdraw from daily contact with the outside world?
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to create a more perfect society here on earth
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Members of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing were better known as
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Shakers.
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Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because
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of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men.
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George Rapp, who also thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, believed
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that members should amass material wealth to place at Christ's disposal.
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George Rapp's community of Harmony was taken over by
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Robert Owen for a socialist experiment.
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Why did Joseph Smith found the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints?
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He was visited by the angel Moroni, who told him of God's intentions for the latter days of creation.
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What about Joseph Smith's teachings most offended others?
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the doctrine of plural marriage
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After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, most Latter-Day Saints
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followed Brigham Young to Utah.
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For what purpose did the Rev. Ezra Stiles Ely establish the Society for Supporting the Gospel?
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to work with indigents in urban shelters
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What is meant by the term “Benevolent Empire”?
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People, as God's agents, should care for other people.
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The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans
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loved to organize.
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How did advocates of the Benevolent Empire attempt to perfect society?
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by personal contact, testimony, and exhortation
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What group provided the “backbone” of the Benevolent Empire?
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women volunteers
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The message of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was
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focused solely on the establishment of missions in the United States.
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The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
A. sent missionaries to China, Africa, and Asia. B. sent missionaries to American slums to convert Irish immigrants. C. focused on opening parochial elementary schools. D. tried to prevent the exploitation of women and children around the world. 332 |
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What was the primary purpose of the American Bible Society?
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to distribute Bibles in cities and frontier settlements
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The Female Moral Reform Society
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tried to reclaim women from prostitution.
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What was a noticeable trend among master craftsmen in America by the 1830s?
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distribution of production to outworkers
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What changes occurred in urban development by the 1830s?
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neighborhoods stratified by class
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By 1830, American workers had seen
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Each statement is correct.
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What was the most successful association of workers in the 1830s?
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National Trades' Union
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Labor organizer Seth Luther characterized society as a struggle between
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the producers and the rich.
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The New England Artisan was
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no statement is accurate.
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What did Seth Luther mean by the term “middle class”?
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persons whose jobs required mental rather than physical labor
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How did middle-class households usually earn their income?
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in fees or commissions rather than wages
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What type of individual typified the “New Middle Class”?
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the self-made man
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How did the New Middle Class regard gender assignments in society?
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Women were gentler and therefore best suited to remain at home.
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Who were the primary targets of the American nativist movement?
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Irish Catholics
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What was the native country of the greatest number of immigrants to the United States in the early decades of the nineteenth century?
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Ireland
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What most distinguished Irish immigrants from general American society?
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their Catholic religion
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What was the most prevalent trend in internal migration in America in the 1830s and 1840s?
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rural people moving to cities
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Most internal migrants
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usually discovered that the grass was not greener in their new environments.
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How did most eastern middle-class Americans regard the western migration of many Americans?
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with alarm, fearing the departure of ambitious citizens
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Reformers refocused their attention in the 1830s on what social needs?
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family planning
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In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?
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hard work, industriousness, and frugality
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Each of the following statements characterizes the culture of self-improvement except
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the movement was particularly popular among members of the upper class.
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The philosophy of self-culture brought what social movement to prominence?
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the lyceum movement, which featured lectures on various subjects
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Catharine Sedgwick's novel Rich Man, Poor Man
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romanticized urban poverty and suggested that “true wealth” lay within the reach of everyone.
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What was the largest and longest tenured reform proposal aimed at improving individuals in society?
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the temperance movement
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A series of sermons by the Reverend Lyman Beecher in 1825
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changed the debate on temperance from a health issue to a spiritual issue.
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How were children of the wealthy usually educated prior to the Civil War?
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by private tutors
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Advanced education at the college level in the antebellum period
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was available only for men.
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By the 1820s, many Americans accepted the necessity of what to protect themselves from those who did not obey laws?
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state prison systems
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How did prisons such as the one at Ossining, New York (Sing Sing), hope to rehabilitate prisoners?
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How did prisons such as the one at Ossining, New York (Sing Sing), hope to rehabilitate prisoners?
A. corporal, but not capital, punishment B. intensive classroom work on social behavior C. daily instruction in family values and Christian virtues D. isolation to keep them from influencing one another |
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What effect did moral reform have on American political parties?
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Party organization became fragmented and weakened.
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The organization of new political groups such as the Working Men's Party provides evidence that
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workers lacked confidence in existing parties.
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Where did women gather in 1848 to pass their Declaration of Sentiments, a kind of declaration of independence from male domination?
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Seneca Falls, New York
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The Supreme Court ruled in the Amistad case that
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Cinqué and the Africans were free under Spanish law.
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Former President John Quincy Adams argued the Africans' case before the Supreme Court on which of the following grounds?
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Each statement is correct.
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Slaves had many different assignments in America, but what made all of them “slaves”?
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being defined, treated, and defended as property
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In defining slaves as personal property, American slaveholders
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removed the vague aspects of real estate law from slave property.
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Why did slave codes assign slaves status as personal property rather than real property?
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Personal property management was more flexible.
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Why did Congress delay outlawing the international slave trade within the jurisdiction of the United States until 1808?
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Why did Congress delay outlawing the international slave trade within the jurisdiction of the United States until 1808?
A. The Constitution forbade such a law until 20 years after its ratification. B. International slave trading was confined to South America and the Caribbean until after 1800. C. Antislavery forces lacked a majority of Congress until 1808. D. Defenders of slavery in Congress blocked such action until then. |
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What invention enabled an economic boom in the South and created a demand for new land in the West?
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Eli Whitney's cotton gin
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Ending participation in the international slave trade by the United States had what effect?
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A flourishing domestic slave trade arose.
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Despite the festive air of slave markets, what evidence was there that participants were aware of the sordidness of the activities?
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the absence of white females
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What percentage of slaves lived in plantations with 10 or more slaves?
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three quarters
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What effect did the demand for slave labor in the westward expansion movement have on slave family life?
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One in three children was separated from parents.
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What provides evidence that sugar plantations required the greatest restocking of slaves?
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Sugar cultivation was more dangerous than most slave labor assignments.
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Slave rice cultivators commonly worked by the , which involved a specific assignment for a day's work.
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task system
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Which group of slaves enjoyed the most autonomy?
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craftsmen who worked in separate shops
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What impact did slavery have on the general economic development of the South?
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Wealthy planters had more income to spend on business investments.
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All of the following statements about Gowrie Plantation are accurate except
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Gowrie's plantation owner went bankrupt.
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How did the majority of slaves protest their condition without resorting to violence?
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How did the majority of slaves protest their condition without resorting to violence?
A. appeals through the media to public opinion B. protest marches and rallies C. committees of correspondence, similar to those used in the American Revolution D. feigning illness or ignorance, carelessness, and a slow pace |
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What concessions might favored slaves anticipate from owners and overseers?
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a two-hour lunch in the summer and a day off work on Sunday
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Who owned and controlled the progeny of slave women?
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owner of the mother
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What laws or customs regarding marriage prevailed for slaves?
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Owners usually required weddings before slaves would be allowed cohabitation privileges.
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What was the best way for slaves to gain a status owners found difficult to ignore?
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age, experience, and expertise
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With regard to European-based religions, many slaves
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accepted Christianity but used selective themes.
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What did religious songs of slaves, called spirituals, mostly express?
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harshness of life in slavery and anticipation of delivery from it, at least in an afterlife
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How was the sea-based economy of the central and northeastern coast tied to slavery?
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Northern ships carried food to slave islands in the Caribbean and carried slave-produced commodities to European and northern markets.
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How did ties between northern and southern economies interact in the first half of the nineteenth century?
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They grew stronger.
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Southern planters and mid-Atlantic and New England businessmen
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were tied together for mutual economic benefit.
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The textile industry relied on southerners as producers of a necessary raw material and
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as customers for finished products.
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Northern mill owners helped save southern planters during the War of 1812 by
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providing a market for cotton when English warships prohibited its export to Europe.
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Why were southerners wrong when they assumed that northerners would not make war over slavery because they needed southern cotton?
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Why were southerners wrong when they assumed that northerners would not make war over slavery because they needed southern cotton?
A. Northern businessmen deliberately misled gullible southerners. B. Northerners did not care whether cotton came from the South or from Egypt or elsewhere. C. Antislavery intensity was a stronger force than the desire for economic prosperity in the North. D. Southerners misjudged how unimportant they were to northerners. |
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Northerners understood that their businesses depended on southern customers, but
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Northerners understood that their businesses depended on southern customers, but
A. their commitment to ending slavery was stronger. B. sometimes they compromised their principles. C. they depended on northern customers even more. D. no one expected to lose those customers, even in the event of a Civil War. |
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The economic boom and territorial expansion of the United States was the result of
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all of the above.
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Which of the following statements does not characterize American slavery and cotton agriculture between 1790 and 1830?
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the number of slaves in Maryland almost doubled.
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Because slaveholders shipped ever increasing cash crops to the North, they
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Because slaveholders shipped ever increasing cash crops to the North, they
A. became more and more like the North. B. eventually owned majority shares in most textile firms. C. expected northerners to accept slavery because of the wealth produced through the system. D. made northern producers so dependent that they denounced abolitionists |
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How did the first Congress in 1789 react to the prohibition of slavery in the Northwest Ordinance?
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sfdsz
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#100 The Liberty Party was replaced by the ___ in 1848.
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The Republican Party
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101 What innovation by the Spanish made Plains Indians more efficient hunters and effective raiders?
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Horses
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102What was a major consequence of each new stage of American expansion?
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It reignited the controversy over slavery.
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103 By the end of Andrew Jackson's administration
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the Democratic Party had grown too diverse to remain stable.
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104What was Congress's response when President Andrew Jackson refused to show them papers he had shared with cabinet members?
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Congress censured Jackson.
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105 To what did the term “Whig” refer when applied to Jackson's opponents?
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It suggested that Jackson ruled like a king instead of an elected official.
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106 Whigs tended to support
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strong central government.
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107Who said that the United States was a “singularly happy” nation?
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President Martin Van Buren in his inaugural address in 1837
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108 President Martin Van Buren agreed with President Andrew Jackson that
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the federal government should not manage currency.
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109 Where were the consequences of the Panic of 1837 most severe?
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East Coast cities
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What was at stake in the Aroostook War?
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whether timber in the Aroostook Valley belonged to Canada or the United States
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What was the policy of the United States regarding a Canadian rebellion against Great Britain in 1836–1837?
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strong support of Canadian rebels because Canada had aided our own revolution
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The international incident involving Canadian law enforcement officer Alexander McLeod is known as the
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Caroline Affair.
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What term suggests the belief of white Americans that by right they should occupy the North American continent?
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manifest destiny
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Who was John L. O'Sullivan?
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an editorial writer credited with coining the term “manifest destiny”
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Artists whose work celebrated the power and beauty of untouched and untamed nature were known as
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the Hudson River School.
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Landscape paintings by Hudson River School artists rarely contained human figures except
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Native Americans.
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Hudson River School painters suggested sadness at the passing of wilderness and
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also celebrated the coming development of farms.
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James Fenimore Cooper's theme in Leatherstocking Tales is that
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American wilderness merely awaited transformation by pioneers.
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When poet William Cullen Bryant described the vacant Illinois prairie in the 1830s, he envisioned
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gardens and cultivated fields.
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According to those who envisioned total development of the continent in the nineteenth century, America would eventually become what?
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a highway for transporting goods and culture
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What prediction did Governor DeWitt Clinton make regarding the Erie Canal?
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New York City would become the emporium of the world.
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Under the Mexican plan for the development of Texas, the Mexican government agreed to place immigration in the hands of what group?
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Tejanos
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Who developed the first Anglo colony in Mexican Texas?
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Stephen E. Austin
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By 1830, the number of Americans in Texas had reached
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25,000.
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Sam Houston led Texas revolutionaries to victory in the decisive battle of
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San Jacinto.
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Following the battle at San Jacinto, Texans made Sam Houston their first president and
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invited John Quincy Adams to represent their cause for annexation in the Congress.
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What was Mexico's policy toward slavery in Texas?
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erratic, sometimes permitting slavery and then banning it
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What kind of economy developed rapidly in Texas in the 1820s?
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a cotton economy dependent on slavery
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What was the major cause of tension between the Mexican government and Texas colonists?
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attempts to stem immigration from the United States
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The rise to power of what leader focused the unhappiness with government in Mexico for American colonists in Texas?
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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What policy did the new Republic of Texas follow with regard to its status among nations?
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It wanted annexation to the United States as soon as possible.
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What was the greatest impediment to the annexation of Texas to the United States?
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the fear that annexation would cause a war with Mexico
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What prompted a rush of religious missionaries to Oregon Territory in the 1830s?
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rumors that Native Americans in Oregon had expressed an interest in Christianity
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Who was the first missionary to reach Oregon?
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Methodist Jason Lee
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Most immigrants who followed missionaries to Oregon Territory were
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farm families of modest means.
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Where did migrants gather to begin their journey westward on the Oregon Trail?
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East St. Louis, Illinois
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The western trail that departed from Independence, Missouri, near Kansas City was the
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Santa Fe Trail.
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How did most people reach their destinations in the West?
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riding in wagons on wagon trains
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More than 250,000 settlers crossed the plains between 1840 and 1860; how many were killed by hostile Native Americans?
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400
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What major change in the US policy toward Native Americans developed between the 1830s and the end of the century?
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deportation of Native Americans from America
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What was the most significant cause of decline in the population of Native Americans after the arrival of white Europeans in their area?
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loss of confidence in their ability to sustain Native American culture
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The loss of territory to whites caused Native Americans to
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abandon their heritage in favor of Americanization.
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What stood at the center of the economy for all Plains Indians?
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bison
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What slogan characterized the presidential campaign of 1840?
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“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
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The Amistad incident involved
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whether residence in a nonslave state automatically freed a former slave.
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The first president to die while still serving in the office was
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William Henry Harrison.
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What agreement was reached in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?
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It confirmed the boundary between the United States and Great Britain from Maine to the Rocky Mountains.
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“His Accidency” was a reference to what about President John Tyler?
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his succession to the presidency
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Who did President James K. Polk send to Mexico to resolve differences between the countries?
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John Slidell
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What agreement ended the war between the United States and Mexico in 1848?
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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85In order to deal with the international slave trade, Congress
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prohibited the international slave trade in 1808, as soon as it could do so constitutionally.
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How did the Constitution recognize and protect slavery in states in which it was established?
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The Three-Fifths Compromise provided for counting slaves for representation in Congress and in the Electoral College.
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What did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 prohibit?
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assistance to slaveholders seeking the return of runaway property
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What flaw in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 kept it from being effective?
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The Supreme Court declared a major portion of the law unconstitutional on grounds that Congress lacked jurisdiction in such matters.
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