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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Vascular Plants |
plants that have evolved complex transport systems more nutrients and water |
Trees are examples of _______ Mosses are not examples of ______ |
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Lignin |
chemical found in the cell walls of plants for support |
_____ is found in vascular plants to provide support _____is found in cellulose |
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Xylem |
cells used to transfer water and minerals around the rest of the plants from the roots |
hollow and tube-shaped responsible for the cohesion-tension hypothesis |
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Phloem |
cells that carry organic nutrients around the plant using active transport |
longer and skinnier responsible for the pressure-flow hypothesis |
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Tracheids |
type of xylem cells with holes that allow it to connect with other cells, used for water transport |
thick cell walls |
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Vessel Elements |
type of xylem cells with openings at each end to be used for water transport |
thinner cell walls wider and shorter than tracheids |
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Cohesion |
water molecules can stick to other water molecules |
_____ occurs through hydrogen bonds ______ is one of the factors that allows vascular plants to transport water against gravity |
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Adhesion |
water molecules can stick to other polar molecules |
water attaches to the sides of xylem using ____ ___ and cohesion cause capillary action |
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Sieve Tubes |
phloem cells create a chain together which works as a channel to transfer nutrients
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surrounded by companion cells |
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Endosperm |
tissue that carries nutrients from a plant to an embryo |
created in the seeds of flowering plants provides mainly starch to the embryo |
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Cotyledons |
a way for the embryo or seed to store nutrients and perform photosynthesis until leaves are grown |
sometimes called "seed leaves" __ also store nutrients from the endosperm |
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Apical Meristems |
plant cells at the ends of the shoot and root of a plant that constantly split up |
a type of undifferentiated cell these cells develop others to become differentiated |
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Seed Coat |
protective layer around the endosperm and embryo until it sprouts |
Ex. An outer layer of a nut |
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Germination |
when the seed sprouts |
final step of an embryo becoming an individual plant jobs of the parent plant are now passed on to the embryo |
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Primary Growth |
vertical growth of a plant due to growth at the meristems
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redwood trees have a lot of ______ which is why they are tall cell divisions in the apical meristems supplies new cells for ______ |
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Node |
areas on the plant where leaves will emerge
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also called meristems looks like a place where the tree has a split |
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Root Cap |
protective layer of cells on the apical meristem of the root
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with the root pushing through soil as the plant grows a _____ is very helpful to keep it safe |
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Epidermis |
outermost tissue |
similar to human skin, only for a plant cell |
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Cuticle |
protective covering over leaves |
the root cap for leaves
retains moisture |
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Vascular Tissue |
layer of xylem and phloem cells
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layer of tissue transports things throughout the cell |
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Ground Tissue |
cells that provide support and shape to the inside of the cell |
layer also creates organic compounds some ___________ can become specialized |
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Secondary Growth |
widening of a plant due to cell division in the vascular cambium |
horizontal growth
cause for the rings in a tree stump |
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Vascular Cambium |
meristem tissue layer |
near the surface of roots and stems outer surface differentiates into phloem |
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pericycle |
meristem tissue that surrounds the xylem and phloem in the roots
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source of root branches
also know as root meristem |
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PGR |
compounds that influence a plant's growth and development |
similar effect as hormones in animals
made by genes |
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auxins |
chemicals that make roots grow longer and wider in low concentration, but shorter and skinnier with fruits from flowers in higher concentration
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made in the apical meristems and seeds
effect depends on the concentration |
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gibberellins |
makes stems grow longer, makes fruit faster and creates digestive enzymes in endosperm
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produced in apical meristems and germinating embryos promotes development of fruit |
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cytokinins |
regulates growth pattern, increases cell division, organ development, lateral growth of branches, and chloroplast development |
mostly made in fruits and roots cooperates with PGR and auxins |
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abscisic acid |
tells the plant to close stomata make buds and seeds dormant and create storage proteins for seeds |
produced in dry conditions
helps to prevent unnecessary water loss |
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ethylene |
ages tissues and prevents the effects of auxins and cytokinins |
stops development of lower branch buds
promotes digestion of organic compounds from old leaves |
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tropism |
growth toward or away from a stimulus
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_____ result from differences in growth between parts of an organ plants growing towards light is an example of a ______ |
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phototropism |
growth toward a light source because of higher auxin concentration on the dark side
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one side of the stem continues growing while the other stops, making it curve charles Darwin studied this |
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gravitropism |
growth toward or away fro the Earth's gravitational pull |
results from auxins, PGRs and calcium ion concentrations
auxin play a big role in this |
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photoperiodism |
how the plant grows based on the light and darkness during a 24-hour period |
When a plant flowers germinates and grows rapidly is dependent on part of this process
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phytochrome |
pigment that tells the plant how long it is dark |
there are two forms of this absorbs far red light or regular red light |
