Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Word derived from two Greek words meaning "a cutting up" |
Anatomy |
|
|
Correct sequence of level of organization |
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ |
|
|
T/F: A transverse section divides the body into upper and lower parts |
True |
|
|
T/F: Anterior and proximal are opposite terms |
False |
|
|
T/F: Superior means toward the head |
True |
|
|
Intercalated disks are found in |
cardiac muscle |
|
|
Moving a part of the body away from the midline is called |
Abdcution |
|
|
The hand is in what position when in anatomical position? |
supination |
|
|
Muscle attachments to the more stationary bone? |
Origin |
|
|
Three types of muscle tissue |
Skeletal/straited, cardiac, smooth |
|
|
Smooth/nonstriated muscle found where? |
Walls of hollow viscera, blood vessels, uterus (INVOLUNTARY)
|
|
|
Attachment to bone that moves during contraction |
Insertion |
|
|
Attach muscle to bone |
Tendons |
|
|
Small, synovial-lined sacs located between some tendons and bones |
Bursae |
|
|
Explains the mechanism of contraction - thick and thin myofilaments slide past each other as muscle contracts |
Sliding filament model - requires ATP and calcium |
|
|
Sacromere |
basic functional contractional unit |
|
|
Supination and Pronation |
Movements of rotation of the forearm
Supine = palms up (anatomical position) Pronate = palms down |
|
|
Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion |
Movements of the ankle Dorsi = toes point up Plantar = toes point down (standing on toes) |
|
|
Movement around a longitudinal axis |
Rotation |
|
|
Nervous system made up of brain and spinal chord |
Central Nervous System (CNS)
|
|
|
Nervous system comprised of all nerves |
Peripheral (PNS) |
|
|
Subdivision of the Peripheral system - involuntary nerve complex |
Autonomic (ANS) |
|
|
2 primary cells of nervous systems |
Neurons and glia |
|
|
Part of neuron that conducts impulse away from body |
Axon |
|
|
Part of neuron that conducts impulse towards body |
Dendrites |
|
|
3 Types of glia |
Astrocytes (star), microglia, oligodendroglia |
|
|
Nerve tissue composed mostly of myelinated axons |
White matter |
|
|
Nerve tissue composed mostly of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
Grey matter |
|
|
3 types of nerve coverings |
Endoneurium: surrounds individual fibers Perineurium: surrounds group of fibers Epineurium: surrounds entire nerve |
|
|
3 parts of brainstem |
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
|
|
3 meninges |
dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater |
|
|
Cells acted on by hormones |
Target cells |
|
|
Amounts of hormone secretion controlled by? |
Homeostatic feedback |
|
|
A mechanism that reverses the direction of a physiological change |
Negative feedback loop - temperature |
|
|
A mechanism that amplifies physiological change |
Positive feedback loop (UNCOMMON) - contractions during labor |
|
|
Hormones of anterior pituitary gland |
TSH ACTH FSH LH MSH GH prolactin |
|
|
Hormones of posterior pituitary gland |
ADH Oxytocin |
|
|
Hormones of parathyroid glands |
PTH - increase blood calcium
|
|
|
Hormones of thyroid gland |
T3 - increase metabolism T4 - increase metabolism Calcitonin - decreases blood calcium |
|
|
Hormones of hypothalamus |
PRODUCES ADH and oxytocin for posterior pituitary |
|
|
Hormones of pancreatic islets |
Glucagon (alpha cells) - increase blood glucose Insulin (beta cells) - decrease blood glucose |
|
|
Hormones of ovaries |
Estrogen (ovarian follicles and corpus luteum) |
|
|
Hormones of testes |
Testosterone |
|
|
Hormones of thymus |
Thymosin (immune) |
|
|
Hormones of placenta |
Gonadotropins Estrogen Progesterone |
|
|
Hormones of pinneal gland |
Melatonin - becomes calcified with age |
|
|
Hormones of adrenal medulla |
Epinephrine (adrenaline) -stress Norepinephrine - stress |
|
|
Hormones of adrenal cortex
|
Glucocorticoids (GCs) - cortisol & hydrocortisone Mineralocorticoids (MCs) - aldosterone Sex hormones - androgens |
|
|
Microscopic tubes in tissue spaces made of one layer of epithelium |
Lymph capillaries |
|
|
Drains lymph from upper right body and head |
Right lymphatic duct |
|
|
Largest lymphatic duct, draining 3/4 of body |
Thoracic duct |
|
|
Enlarged pouch near the thoracic duct |
Cisterna chyli |
|
|
2 primary functions of lymph nodes |
WBC formation and defense |
|
|
Very small organ producing T-cells |
Thymus - secretes thymosin involution = lymph tissue replaced with fat |
|
|
3 types of tonsils |
Palatine, pharyngeal, lingual |
|
|
Largest lymph organ in the body |
Spleen - blood reservoir and phagocytosis of RBCs |
|
|
Protein compounds with specific combining sites that attach to antigens |
Anti-bodies |
|
|
Kill cells by allowing water to flood through the plasma membrane |
Complement proteins |
|
|
2 primary cells of immune system |
Phagocytes and lymphocytes |
|
|
Ingest and destroy harmful substances/cells |
Phagocytes |
|
|
3 types of phagocytes |
Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages |
|
|
Macrophages in the liver Macrophages in the lungs |
Kuppfer's cells Dust cells |
|
|
B cells activated by.. Turn into.. |
Contact with antigen Plasma cells |
|
|
Kill invading cells with poison and chemicals |
T cells |
|
|
4 valves of the heart |
Bicuspid/mitral (L), tricuspid, pulmonary (R) semilunar valve (R), aortic semilunar valve (L) |
|
|
Right vs Left Heart |
Right: goes to lungs (oxygen rich) - vena cavae > r atrium > r ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > Left: goes to rest of body (oxygen poor) - l atrium > l ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > body |
|
|
Complete heartbeat |
Cardiac cycle |
|
|
Average heart cycle? |
72 beats per minute; each beat = 0.8 sec |
|
|
Volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat |
Stroke volume |
|
|
Amount of blood one ventricle can pump each minute (~ 5mL) |
Cardiac output |
|
|
Electrical connectors that join cardiac muscle fibers to receive impulses and contract together |
Intercalated disks |
|
|
Heart conduction system |
Sinoatrial node (SA) > Atrioventricular node (AV) > AV bundles and Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
Arteries - high pressure, thicker layers |
|
|
Vessels that carry blood to the heart |
Veins - low pressure, valves, thinner layers |
|
|
Vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venules |
Capillaries - made of one layer of epithelium (tunica intima) |
|
|
3 tissue layers of vessels |
Tunica adventitia (outer), tunica media (middle), tunica intima (inner) |
|
|
Systemic circulation |
Through body: l ventricle > aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries |gas exchange|> venules > veins > vena cava > r atrium |
|
|
Pulmonary circulation |
To lungs: r ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary veins > l atrium |
|
|
Hepatic portal circulation |
Blood route through liver |
|
|
Fetal circulation |
Before birth; bypass lungs |
|
|
Factors of blood pressure |
Blood viscosity, heart beat strength, blood volume |
|
|
Blood minus its cells |
Blood plasma - 55% of whole blood |
|
|
Cells with no nuclei, transport O2 and CO2, contain hemoglobin |
RBCs (erythrocytes) - 90% of formed elements |
|
|
Cells for defense |
WBCs (leukocytes) - neutrophils and monocytes = phagocytosis - eosinophils = allergies/parasites - basophils = clotting |
|
|
T/F: Rh antibodies are naturally present in blood |
False |
|
|
Formation of clot |
Injury site: clotting factors release > prothrombin activator + calcium = thrombin > triggers fibrin > RBCs clump to clot |
|
|
Respiratory tree |
Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveolar sacs > alveoli > covered in capillaries |
|
|
Normal breathing |
Eupnea |
|
|
Rapid deep respiration |
Hyperventilation |
|
|
Slow, shallow respiration |
Hypoventilation |
|
|
Labored or difficult respirations |
Dysapnea |
|
|
Stopped respirations |
Apnea |
|
|
T/F: Alveoli flattened out would cover half a tennis court |
True |
|
|
Accessory organs of male reproductive system |
ducts, sex glands, external genitals - prostate, Cowper's, penis, vas deferens |
|
|
Functions of testosterone |
Masculinizes, promotes development of accessory sex organs, stimulates protein anabolism (strength/muscles) |
|
|
Mixtures of semen |
Seminal vesicles: 60% Prostate: 30% Cowper's: <5% |
|
|
Tightly coiled tube on and around testicles, sperm mature and learn to swim |
Epididymis |
|
|
3 columns of erectile tissue |
Corpora cavernosa (2) Corpus spongiosum (1) |
|
|
2 primary functions of ovaries |
oogenesis (production of eggs) secretion of estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
3 female reproductive ducts |
Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina |
|
|
3 male reproductive ducts |
Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Which kidney is lower than the other? |
Right |
|
|
4 functions of kidneys |
Excrete toxins and waste Regulate chemical levels in blood Control water volume Regulate blood pressure (rennin) |
|
|
Filtration (kidneys) |
Continuous process in renal corpuscles - pressure in glomeruli push water/substances into Bowman's => glomerular filtrate |
|
|
Reabsorption (kidneys) |
Movement of substances out of renal tubes into blood capillaries - substances reabsorbed (osmosis) unless at renal threshold (too much) => urine |
|
|
Secretion (kidneys) |
Substances move to urine forming in tubules |
|
|
External opening of urethra |
Urinary meatus |
|
|
Passing of urine, or voiding |
Micturition |
|
|
4 layers of digestive tract wall |
Mucosa - epithelium Muscularis - muscle Serosa - folds = mesenteries |
|
|
Teeth |
Inscisor, cuspids, bicuspids, tricuspids First set (20) begin eruption at 6 months, finish = 2 yrs Adult set (32) begin at 6 yrs, finish at 17-23 yrs |
|
|
3 pairs of salivary glands |
Parotid, submandibular/submaxillar, sublingual |
|
|
Divisions of small intestine |
(20 ft) Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
|
|
Gallbladder function |
Stores bile from liver > cystic duct connects |
|
|
Largest gland |
Liver, creates bile > hepatic duct drains |
|
|
Common bile duct |
Drains bile from cystic or hepatic ducts into duodenum |
|
|
2 functions of pancreas |
Secretes pancreatic juice and hormones |
|
|
Divisions of large intestine |
Cecum > ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > rectum > anal canal |
|
|
Carbohydrate digestion |
Mostly in small intestine - amylase ==> monosaccharides |
|
|
Protein digestion |
Starts in stomach - pepsin ==> amino acids |
|
|
Fat digestion |
Mostly in small intestine - lipase ==> fatty acids + glycerol |
|
|
5 functions of skeletal system |
Supports body Protects internal organs Movement Stores calcium Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
|
|
Soft spots on babies head that have not ossified |
Fontanels |
|
|
4 bone types |
Long bones (humerus) Short bones (carpals) Flat bones (skull) Irregular bones (vertebrae) |
|
|
Axial skeleton |
Skull, spine, thorax, hyoid |
|
|
Appendicular skeleton |
Upper and lower extremities |
|
|
Male vs Female skeleton (4) |
Size and shape of pelvis, size of pelvic inlet, pubic angle |
|
|
3 joint types |
Synarthroses (connective tissue holds - skull) Amphiarthroses (cartilage connects - vertebrae) Diarthroses (freely movable - ball & socket, hinge, saddle, etc) |
|
|
2 body membranes |
Epithelial and connective tissue |
|
|
Skin layers |
Epidermis: outer, stratified squamous Dermis: deeper, connective tissue |
|
|
3 primary parts of cells |
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
|
|
|
Passive transport process - particles move from high to low concentration |
Diffusion |
|
|
Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane in the presence of an impermeable solute |
Osmosis |
|
|
Passive transport caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane |
Filtration |
|
|
Process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes to each new cell when one divides |
Mitosis |
|
|
2 primary types of skin glands; 2 sub types |
Sweat/sudoriferous - eccrine: small, numerous - apocrine: armpit/genitals; large, smelly Sebaceous: secrete oil for hair/skin |
|
|
3 types of epithelial membranes |
Cutaneous, serous, mucous |
|
|
Soft fine hair of a newborn |
Lanugo |
|
|
Rule of nines |
Divides body into 11 sections of 9% each. 1% is genital area |
|
|
4 phases of menstrual cycle |
Menses: bleeding, shed lining Proliferative phase: lining thickens Ovulation: ovum released; highest estrogen Secretory phase: lining thickest; highest progesterone |
|
|
Most important muscle of inspiration |
Diaphragm (external intercostals b/w ribs) |
|
|
Muscles of expiration |
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles |
|
|
Exchange of gases in between lungs and blood by diffusion |
External respiration |
|
|
Exchange of gases between blood and cells |
Internal respiration |
|
|
Amount of air breathed in a normal inspiration/expiration |
Tidal volume (TV) |
|
|
Largest amount of air in one breath |
Vital capacity (VC) |
|
|
Amount of air that can be forced out after expelling tidal volume |
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
|
|
Amount of air remaining in lungs after forceful expulsion |
Residual volume |
|
|
4 bones of paranasal sinuses |
Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal (FEMS) |
|
|
Characteristic of people with AIDS |
Leukopenia |
|
|
Approximate number of WBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood |
7,500 |
|
|
T/F: Person with B antigen and A anti-bodies would have type A blood |
False |
|
|
T/F: Person with A antigen and B anti-bodies would have type A blood |
True |
|
|
Part of clot that becomes dislodged and moves through blood stream |
Embolus |
|
|
3 types of plasma proteins |
Albumins: thicken Globulins: fight infection Fibrinogen: clotting |
|
|
Adults have how many liters of blood? |
4-6 |
|
|
Lymphatic capillaries in small intestine that absorb fat |
Lacteals |
|
|
General protection from any threat |
Non-specific immunity (tears, skin, etc) |
|
|
Active vs Passive immunity |
-body responds to bacteria
-immunity inherited |
|
|
Natural vs Artificial immunity |
Artifical (immunization) |
|
|
2 classes of hormones |
Steroid and protein (non-steroid) |
|
|
Minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract |
Threshold stimulus - fibers are all or none, muscles are not |
|
|
Isotonic contraction |
Typically at a joint, muscle changes length, produces movement |
|
|
2 types of isotonic contraction |
Eccentric: insertion moves away from origin Concentric: insertion moves toward origin |
|
|
Isometric contraction |
Increase in tension, no movement, muscle doesn't shorten |
|
|
Disuse atrophy |
Muscles shrink in mass due to prolonged inactivity |
|
|
Hypertrophy |
Increase in muscle size due to exercise |
|
|
Contracting muscles against heavy resistance, resulting in hypertrophy and increased myofilaments |
Strength training |
|
|
Endurance/aerobic training |
Increases muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise for long periods; increased blood vessels in muscle |
|
|
Continuous low-strength muscle contraction providing posture |
Tonic contraction |
|
|
Nerve fibers that stimulate muscle fibers |
Motor neurons |
|
|
Muscle mainly responsible in movement |
Prime mover |
|
|
Muscles that assist prime mover in contraction |
Synergists |
|
|
Muscles that relax during others' contraction |
Antagonists |
|
|
Thick and thin filaments composed of? |
Thick - myosin Thin - actin |
|
|
4 major parts of brain |
Brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum |
|
|
Convolutions of brain |
Gyri |
|
|
Grooves/fissures of brain |
Sulci |
|
|
7 types of connective tissue |
Areolar, adipose, dense fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood, homatopoietic |
|
|
4 stages of cell divison |
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (people must answer telephones) |
|
|
3 types of active transport |
Ion pumps, phagocytosis, pinocytosis |
|
|
4 types of tissue |
Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective |
|
|
Bumps that bind dermis to epidermis; characterize fingerprints |
Dermal papillae |
|
|
Melanin produced by |
Melanocytes => skin pigment |
|
|
Receptor close to surface that detects light touch |
Meissner corpuscle |
|
|
Receptor deep in dermis tat detects pressure |
Pacini/lamellar corpuscle |
|
|
Lubricates hair and skin and increases during adolescence |
Sebum |
|
|
Structures of dense/compact bone |
Osteons (Haversion systems) Concentric lamella |
|
|
2 types of microscopic bone |
Dense/compact bone Spongy bone |
|
|
Living bone cells in lacunae |
Osteocytes |
|
|
Bone-forming cells |
Osteoblasts |
|
|
Bone-resorbing cells |
Osteoclasts |
|
|
Tiny "fingers" that increase absorption |
Villi and microvilli |
|
|
Tough membrane covering testes |
Tunica albuginea |
|
|
Coiled tubes that comprise the bulk of the testes |
Seminiferous tubules - where sperm are formed |
|
|
Tube allowing sperm to move from the scrotum to the abdomen |
Vas deferens |
|
|
Joining point of seminal vesicles and vas deferens |
Ejaculatory duct |
|
|
How many ovarian follicles at birth and develop into mature follicles? |
1 million ==> 350-500 |
|
|
Accessory glands of female reproductive system |
Bartholin's glands, breasts, external genitals |
|
|
Afferent lymph vessels |
Allow fluid to enter (one-way) |
|
|
Efferent lymph vessels |
Fluid Exits (one-way) |
|
|
T-cells develop in? |
Thymus from thymosin |
|
|
Functional tissue replaced with fat occurs where? |
Involution = Thymus |
|
|
Anti-body mediated immunity |
Humoral immunity |
|
|
Responsible for anti-body production |
Lymphocytes |
|
|
3 types of granulocytes (WBCs) |
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
3 types of agranulocytes (WBCs) |
Monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages |
|
|
Clot that stays in the place it is formed |
Thrombus |
|
|
Erythroblastosis fetalis |
Baby born to Rh- mom and Rh+ dad...
If baby is Rh+, mom develops Rh-antibodies. If she has another Rh+ baby they will attack it |
|
|
Shelf-like protrusions in nasal cavity that humidify and warm air |
Conchae |
|
|
3 divisions of pharynx |
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Thyroid cartilage - Adam's apple - found in? |
Larynx (voice box) |
|
|
Vocal chords stretch across? |
Larynx (voice box) |
|
|
Combined pressure in blood of respiratory gases |
Partial pressure (P) |
|
|
How oxygen moves during respiration |
lungs > blood > tissue capillary membrane > interstitial fluid > cells |
|
|
What percent of O2 can dissolve into blood |
1.5% |
|
|
O2 combines with hemoglobin in blood creating |
Oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Percentages of CO2 in substances for transport |
10% dissolves in blood 20% combines with hemoglobin = carbaminohemoglobin 70% becomes bicarbonate ions |
|
|
Normal blood pressure reading |
120/80 |
|
|
Hold functioning neurons together and protect them |
Glia |
|
|
Divisions of nervous system |
CNS PNS 1. Somatic (voluntary) 2. Autonomic (involuntary) a. Sympathetic (Fight/Flight) b. Parasympathetic (Rest/Digest) |
|
|
Reflex arc consists of? |
2 neuron arc: Sensory neuron + motor neuron = one synapse 3 neuron arc: sensory neuron + interneuron + motor neuron = 2 synapses |
|
|
Tough, fluid-containing membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord |
Meninges |
|
|
2 types of autonomic neurotransmitters |
Cholinergic fibers: parasymp postgang release acetylcholine Adrenergic fibers: symp postgang neurons release norepinephrine |
