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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 macronutrients
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carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins
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2 types of micronutrients
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vitamins, minerals
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carbohydrates
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immediate energy, long chains of sugar molecules
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lipids
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longerm energy storage, stored as fat (adipose tissue), membrane structure
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proteins
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composed of amino acids, broken down by body and used to create various new proteins, seldom used as energy, many specialized fxns
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vitamins
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organic compounds necessary for various body processes
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vitamin A *
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fxn: visual pigments used by eue
deficiency: blindness source: milk and vegetables |
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vitamin D *
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fat soluble
fxn: calcium absorption deficiency: weak bones, rickets in children source: fortified milk |
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vitamin E
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fat soluble
fxn: antioxidant deficiency: nerve damage source: vegetable oils |
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vitamin K *
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fat soluble
fxn: synthesis of blood-clotting proteins (prothrombin) deficiency: hemorrhage source: intestinal bacteria |
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vitamin C *
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water soluble
fxn: proper form of connective tissue deficiency: loosening teeth and bleeding gums, then scurvy source: fruits & veggies |
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thiamine (b)
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water soluble
fxn: carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism deficiency: beriberi (weak heart, nervous/digestive system disorders) source: liver and green leafy vegetables |
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riboflavin (b)
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water soluble
fxn: cellular respiration deficiency: dermatitis source: liver and green leafy veggies |
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niacin (b)
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water soluble
fxn: cellular respiration deficiency: pellagra source: liver and green leafy veggies |
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b6
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water soluble
fxn: amino acid metabolism deficiency: dermatitis source: green leafy vegetables |
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pantothenic acid (b)
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water soluble
fxn: cellular metabolism deficiency: rare source: whole grains |
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folate (b)
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water soluble
fxn: maturation of RBCs deficiency: type of anemia, birth defects source: liver |
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biotin (b)
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water soluble
fxn: metabolism deficiency: source: liver |
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b12 *
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water soluble
fxn: proper formation of RBCs deficiency: pernicious anemia source: meat & fish |
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vitamin fxns
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coenzymes, metabolic function within the cell (breakdown of carbs, lipids, and proteins and making ATP)
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Calcium
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fxn: main mineral of bones and teeth
source: milk and other dairy products |
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Phosphorus
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fxn: most fxns of any mineral, component of ATP, ADP, and RNA
source: meat |
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sulfur
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fxn: component of many proteins/vitamins
source: high-protein foods |
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potassium
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fxn: muscle contraction
source: fruits and veggies |
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sodium
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fxn: fluid balance/neural transmission (positive ion in interstitial fluid)
source: salt |
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chloride
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fxn: fluid balance (negative ion in interstitial fluid)
source: salt |
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magnesium
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fxn: normal muscle/nerve fxn
source:whole grains |
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copper
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fxn: hemoglobin synthesis
source: liver deficiency: menke's syndrom excess: wilson's disease |
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iodide *
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fxn: component of thyroid hormones (increase metabolic rate)
source: seafood deficiency: goiter (enlarged thyroid) |
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manganese
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fxn: activates many enzymes
source: whole-grain cereals |
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iron *
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fxn: component of hemoglobin, essential to O2 transport
source: meat deficiency: anemia |
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fluoride
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fxn: component of bonest and teeth
source: fish |
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zinc
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fxn: cofactor in at least 70 enzymes
source: meat and fish |
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selenium
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fxn: antioxidant
source: seafood |
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fxns of digestive system
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intake
storage and movement digestion & breakdown absorption evacuation |
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how digestion begins in mouth
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teeth tear food into pieces: bolus;
tongue sends info to brain and assists in movement; salivary glands release salivary amylase which begin digestion of carbs |
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how food is moved through digestive tract
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peristalsis
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stomach fxns
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2 muscle layers for mechanical mixing;
rugae: folds which allow stomach to expand; glands in walls release pepsin and HCl; bolus becomes chyme; protein digestion starts; releases small amounts to small intestine |
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3 parts of small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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fxn of small intestine
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rest of digestion of carbs, proteins, fats
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structure of small intestine
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villi and microvilli to increase surface area
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large intestine
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cecum, colon, rectum, anus;
contains bacteria needed to create vitamin K; fluids reabsorbed; waste moved to rectum and voided through anus (defacation) |
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path of food through body
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mouth, pharynx, esophageal sphincter, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, SI (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), ileo-cecal sphincter, LI (cecum, colon, rectum), anus
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lipids trigger release of this hormone which triggers gallbladder to release bile
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cholecystokinin
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acidity of chyme causes release of this hormone which signals pancreas to release its enzymes
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secretin
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liver
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molecules absorbed from SI travel to liver first through hepatic portal system, processed, then released into blood
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protective functions of stomach
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alkaline mucus secretion;
tight fit of epithelial cells; rapid regeneration of epi cells |
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peptic ulcer
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forms when protective fxns fail and somtach lining is digested, helicobacter pylori bacteria implicated
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small intestine structure
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large folds: plica circulares;
villi and microvilli in mucosa layer, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, circular muscles, longitudinal muscles, serosa |
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stomach enzymes
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food in stomach triggers gastrin (nonspecific) causes release of specific enzymes (Pepsin and HCl)
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flap that covers trachea when swallowing
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epiglottis
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