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310 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This is the study of form |
Anatomy |
|
This is the study of function |
Physiology |
|
What are the subdisciplines in anatomy? |
Gross anatomy Histology Cytology |
|
This is the study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye |
Gross anatomy |
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This is microscopic anatomy-- examination of tissues with a microscope |
Histology |
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Study of structure and function of cells |
Cytology |
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This is cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships |
Cadaver dissection |
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This is the study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends |
Comparative anatomy |
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What are the names for examining the structure of the human body? |
Inspection Palpation Auscultation Percussion |
|
This means that the anatomy is visible to the naked eye |
Gross anatomy |
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About what percent of human anatomy conforms to the anatomy found in textbooks? |
About 70% |
|
What is the typical reference man? |
22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity and consumes 2800 kcals/day |
|
What is the typical reference woman? |
Same as a man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcals/day |
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Normal position of organs
|
Situs Solitus |
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Complete reversal of all organs |
Situs Inversus |
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The heart being situated on the right side of the body instead of the left |
Dextrocardia |
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Malposition of any organ (like the kidney) |
Situs persus |
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Physiology of the nervous system |
Neurophysiology |
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Physiology of hormones |
Endocrinology |
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Mechanisms of disease |
Pathophysiology |
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This is the study of different species |
Comparative physiology |
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This man was a Greek physician and the "Father of Medicine" |
Hippocrates |
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What is the hierarchy of complexity? |
Organism organ system organs tissues cells organelles molecules atoms |
|
Single, complete individual |
Organism |
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Group of organs with a unique college function |
Organ system |
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Structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function |
Organ |
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A mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ that performs a specific function |
Tissues |
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The smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life. |
Cells |
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Nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive |
Cells |
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Microscopic structures in cells that carry out individual functions |
Organelles |
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Proteins, fats, and DNA. Composed of at least 2 atoms |
Molecules |
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The smallest particles with unique identities |
Atoms |
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What are the characteristics of life? |
Organization Cellular composition Metabolism and excretion Responsiveness and movement Homeostasis Development Reproduction Evolution |
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Far high level of organization in living things and the breakdown of this characteristic of life is accompanied by disease and death. |
Organization |
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Compartmentalization in one or more cells |
Cellular Composition |
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The sum of all internal chemical changes
|
Metabolism |
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Complex molecules synthesized from simple ones |
Anabolism |
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Complex molecules broken down into simple ones |
Catabolism |
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This characteristic of life produces chemical waste that becomes toxic upon accumulation |
Metabolism |
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This is the elimination of waste from the tissues and removal from the body |
Excretion |
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The is the ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli |
Responsiveness |
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Most living organisms are capable of some form of self-propelled ____. |
Movement |
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Although the environment around the organism may change, it maintains relatively stable internal conditions |
Homeostasis |
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Change in form and function over time |
Development |
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This part of life consists of 2 different parts: differentiation and growth |
Development |
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This part of development is the transformation of cells with no specific function into cells that are committed to a particular task |
Differentiation |
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This part of development is simply an increase in size |
Growth |
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All living things can produce copies of themselves |
Reproduction |
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All living things exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve |
Evolution |
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This person believed that "stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions" existed |
Claude Bernard |
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This person coined the term "homeostasis" |
Walter Cannon |
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Can there be fluctuation within a limited range around a set point for homeostasis? |
Yes |
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A loss of ____ control causes illness or death |
homeostasis |
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This is when the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it |
Negative feedback loop |
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Humans do this when the brain senses change in blood temperature |
Human thermoregulation |
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Vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins |
Vasodilation |
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vessels constrict in the skin and shivering begins |
Vasoconstriction |
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This is shivering |
vasoconstriction |
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This is sweating |
Vasodilation |
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What are the 3 components of a feedback loop? |
Receptor, integrating control center, effector |
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This part of a feedback loop senses change in the body |
Receptor |
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This part of the feedback loop control center that processes the sensory information, 'makes a decision', and directs the response |
Integrating control center |
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This part of the feedback loop carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis |
Effector |
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What is another name for a positive feedback loop? |
Self-amplifying change |
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This leads to change in the same direction |
Self-amplifying change |
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When does a positive feedback loop occur? |
Childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals |
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What's an example of a harmful positive feedback loop? |
Temperature above 108 degrees |
|
This was discovered by William Roentgen in 1885 |
Radiography |
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This penetrates tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body |
Radiography |
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What makes up over half of all medical imagining? |
Radiography |
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What kind of substances are injected or swallowed and fill hollow structures like blood vessels and intestinal tract to help visualize them?
|
Radiopaque substances |
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This is a low-intensity X rays and computer analysis using slice-type imaging. |
CT (Computer tomoraphy) Scan |
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What kind of imaging is used in CT scans |
Slice-type imaging |
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What does PET scan stand for? |
Positron Emission Tomography scan |
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These types of scan assess metabolic statue of tissues and distinguish tissues most active at a given moment |
PET scan |
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How do PET scans work? |
1. Inject radioactively labeled glucose 2. Positrons and electrons collide 3. Gamma rays given off 4. Detected by sensor 5. Analyzed by computer 6. Image color shows which tissues were using the most glucose at the moment 7. Damaged tissues appear dark |
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This medical imaging tool uses slice type image but are superior to a CT scan |
MRI |
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This type of medical imaging is best for soft tissues |
MRI |
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What are the mechanics of MRIs? |
1. Alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves. 2. Varying levels of energy given off used by computer to produce an image |
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This is the second oldest and second most widely used form of medical imaging |
Sonography |
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What is the second most widely used form of medical imaging? |
Sonography |
|
What are the mechanics of Sonography? |
High frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs |
|
What is a reason to use sonography? |
They avoid harm x-rays for obstetrics |
|
This is the position when a person stands erect, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms, eyes, and face facing forward. |
Anatomical position |
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This is the standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions and dissections |
Anatomical position |
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In this forearm position, palms face upwards, and radius and ulna are parallel |
Supine position |
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In this forearm position, palms face downwards, radius and ulna are crossed
|
Prone position |
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This plane divides the body into right and left halves |
Sagittal plane |
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This plane divides the body into front and back portions |
Coronal (Frontal) plane |
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This plane divides the body into upper and lower portions |
Transverse plane |
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Toward the front or belly |
Ventral |
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Toward the back, or spine |
Dorsal |
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Toward the ventral side |
Anterior |
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Toward the dorsal side |
Posterior |
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Above |
Superior |
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Below |
Inferior |
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Toward the medial plane |
Medial |
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Away from the medial plane
|
Lateral |
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Closer to the point of attachment or origin |
Proximal |
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Farther from the attachment or origin |
Distal |
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Closer to the body surface |
Superficial |
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Farther from the body surface |
Deep |
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This region is the head, neck, and trunk |
Axial region |
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This is the region of the axial region that is above diaphragm |
Trunk |
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This is the region of the axial region that is below the diaphragm |
Abdomen |
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These regions are the upper and lower limbs |
Appendicular region |
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What are the parts that make up the upper limbs? |
Brachium, antebrachium, carpus, manus, digits |
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What are the parts that make up the lower limbs? |
Thigh, crus, tarsus, pes, and digits |
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What are the 2 major body cavities? |
Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity |
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What are the 2 parts of the dorsal cavity? |
Cranial cavity Vertebral canal |
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What are cavities that make up the ventral cavity? |
Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity |
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What are body cavities filled with? |
Viscera |
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This is another word for body organs |
Viscus |
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In the thoracic cavity, this word describes "organs separating left from pleural cavities." |
Mediastinum |
|
What makes up the mediastinum? |
Heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus |
|
What cavity carries the lungs? |
Pleural cavity |
|
This membrane covers the lungs |
Visceral pleural |
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This membrane lines the rib cage |
Parietal pleural |
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This is the pericardial membrane that covers the heart |
Visceral pericardium |
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This is the pericardial membrane that lines the pericardial sac |
Parietal pericardium |
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What separates the abdomen and the pelvic cavity? |
The pelvic brim |
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What cavity contains the GI tract, kidneys, and ureters |
Abdominal cavity |
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What cavity contains the rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs? |
Pelvic cavity |
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What are the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity? |
Visceral and parietal peritoneum |
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What membranes suspends the intestines? |
The dorsal mesentary |
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What is the mesentary of the large intestine? |
Mesocolon |
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This membrane hangs from the stomach and transverse colon |
Greater omentum |
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This membrane extends from the stomach to the liver |
Lesser omentum |
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These are spaces found between two tissue layers normally pressed firmly together, but can fill with fluid in unusual circumstances |
Potential space |
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How many organ systems are in your body? |
11 |
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The principle organs of this system are skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands |
Integumentary system |
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The principle functions of this organ system are: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication |
Integumentary system |
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The principle organs of this system are: bones, cartilages, ligaments |
Skeletal system |
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The principle functions of this system are: support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
Skeletal system |
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The principle organs of this system are: skeletal muscles |
Muscular system |
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The principle functions of this system are: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production |
Muscular system |
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The principle organs of this system lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen ,tonsils, and thymus |
Lymphatic System |
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The principal functions of this organ system are: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
|
Lymphatic System |
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The principal organs of this system are: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
Respiratory system |
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The principal functions of this organ system are: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, and speech |
Respiratory system |
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This principle organs of this system are: the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
Urinary system
|
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The principle functions of this system are: elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; and detoxification |
Urinary system |
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The principal organs of this system are the brain, spinal chord, nerves, and ganglia |
Nervous system |
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The principal functions of this system are: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation |
Nervous system |
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The principal organs of this system are: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries |
Endocrine system |
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The principal functions of this system are: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination |
Endocrine system |
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The principal organs in this system are: heart and blood vessels |
Circulatory system |
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The principal functions of this system are: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
Circulatory system |
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The principal organs of this system are: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
Digestive systm |
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The principal functions of this system are: nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins, disposal of drugs, toxins and hormones; and cleansing of the blood |
Digestive system |
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What are the parts of Cell Theory? |
1. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. 2. Cell is the simplest functional unit of life. 3. Organisms structure and functions are due to activities of the cells 4. Cells come only from preexisting cells 5. Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities |
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This cell shape is thin and flat |
Squamous |
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This cell shape is irregularly angular with 4 or more sides |
Polygonal |
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This cell shape is squarish |
Cuboidal |
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This cell shape is taller than wide |
Columnar |
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This cell shape is roud |
Spheroid |
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This cell shape is disc-shaped |
Discoid |
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This cell shape is star-shaped |
Stellate |
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This cell shape is thick in the middle and tapered at the ends |
Fusiform |
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This cell shape is threadlike |
Fibrous |
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What is the size of most human cells? |
10-15 micrometers |
|
What are the limitations of cell size? |
Cell growth increases volume faster than surface area; nutrient absorption and waste removal utilize surface |
|
This part of the cell defines cell boundaries, controls interactions with other cells, and controls the passage of material in and out of the cell |
Plasma membrane |
|
This is an oily film of lipids with diverse proteins embedded in it |
Plasma membrane |
|
What % of lipids is the plasma membrane made of? |
98% |
|
This part of the plasma membranes is made up of lipids (making up 75% of the lipids of the p.m.) with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
Phospholipid bilayer |
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This part of the plasma membrane has molecular motion that creates membrane fluidity. |
Phospholipid bilayer |
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This part of the plasma membrane affects membrane fluidity (a low concentration makes it rigid, high concentration makes it fluid). It makes up 20% of the lipid amount of the p.m. |
Cholesterol |
|
This is the carbohydrate coating on a cell surface |
Glycocaylx |
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This part of the plasma membrane contributes to the glycocalyx and make up 5% of the total lipid amount of the p.m. |
Glycolipids |
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These make up 2% of the molecules of the plasma membrane and 50% of the weight |
Membrane proteins |
|
These membrane proteins pass completely through the membrane and most are glycoproteins |
Transmembrane proteins |
|
These membrane proteins adhere to the membrane surface and are anchored in the cytoskeleton |
Peripheral proteins |
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These use cell communication via chemical signals |
Membrane receptors |
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These part of the cell bind chemicals, like hormones and neurotransmitters, and identify them with receptor specificty |
Membrane receptors |
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In this system, the chemical messenger binds to a surface receptor, receptor activates G protein, G protein binds to adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP, etc. |
2nd messenger system |
|
These parts of the plasma membrane break down chemical messengers to stop their signaling effects and produce second messengers |
Membrane enzymes |
|
Do membrane enzymes produce second messengers? |
Yes |
|
These are transmembrane proteins with pores, some that constantly open, some that use gated channels that open and close in response to stimuli |
Membrane channel proteins |
|
These parts of the plasma membrane are important in nerve signal and muscle contraction |
Membrane channel proteins |
|
These use ligland (chemically) regulated genes, voltage related genes, and mechanically regulated genes |
Membrane channel proteins |
|
These parts of the plasma membrane are transmembrane proteins that bind to solutes and transfer them across the membrane |
Membrane carriers or pumps |
|
These, in the plasma membrane, are carriers that consume ATP |
Pumps |
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These parts of the plasma membrane adhere cells to eachother and to extracellular material |
Membrane cell-adhesion molecules |
|
These parts of the plasma membrane enable the body to identify "self" from foreign invaders. |
Membrane cell-identity markers |
|
What forms the glycocalyx? |
Glycoproteins |
|
What acts as the cells identity tag? |
Glycocalyx |
|
This is the unique fuzzy cell surface |
Glycocalyx |
|
What does the glycocalyx function as? |
Cell recognition Adhesion Protection |
|
Is the glycocalyx identical in identical twins? |
Yes |
|
These are extensions of the cell membrane that contain actin and function to increase the surface area of the cell and milking action of actin |
Microvilli |
|
In microvilli, where are actin filaments found? |
In the center of the microvilli |
|
These are hairlike processes, 7-10 micrometers long |
Cilia |
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A single, nonmotile ____ is found on nearly every cell |
Cilium |
|
These are sensory in ear, retina, and nasal cavity |
Cilia |
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In motile ____, these beat in waves and power strokes are followed by recovery strokes. |
Cilia |
|
What's the structure of the cilia? |
9+2 axoneme structure |
|
This is a hereditary disease where chloride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer under mucus. Thick mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tracts. |
Cystic fibrosis |
|
This disease causes inadequate absorption of nutrients and oxygen, lung infections, and a life expectancy of age 30. |
Cystic fibrosis |
|
These are whiplike structures with axoneme identical to cilium, although much longer than cilium |
Flagella |
|
What's the only functional flagellum in the body? |
Tail of sperm |
|
Does passive transport require ATP? |
No |
|
This is movement down a concentration gradient, filtration and simple diffusion are examples of this |
Passive Transport |
|
This is movement against a concentration gradient |
Active transport |
|
Does Active Transport require ATP? |
Yes |
|
Carrier mediated (facilitated diffusion and active transport) and vesicular transport are example of this kind of transport |
Active Transport |
|
This is movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure |
Filtration |
|
Is filtration active or passive transport? |
Passive |
|
Examples of this kind of passive transport are: filtration of nutrients from blood capillaries into tissue fluids and filtration of wastes from the blood in the kidneys |
Filtration |
|
This is net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, also known as movement down the concentration gradient |
Simple diffusion |
|
What are some factors that affect diffusion rates through a membrane? |
Temperature, molecular weight, steepness of concentration gradient, membrane surface area, and membrane permeability |
|
What diffuses through the lipid bilayer? |
Nonpolar, hydrophobic substances |
|
What diffuses through channel proteins? |
Water and hydrophilic solutes |
|
How do cells control permeability? |
Through regulating the number of channel proteins |
|
This is diffusion of water through a membrane (from an area of more water to an area of less water) |
Osmosis |
|
This is equal to 1 mole of dissolved particles |
1 osmole |
|
What is the equation to find osmolarity? |
#of osmoles/L of solution |
|
This is the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell |
Tonicity |
|
This type of solution has a low concentration of nonpermeating solutes (high water concentration) |
Hypotonic solution |
|
In this type of solution, cells absorb water and may burst (lyse) |
Hypotonic solution |
|
This has a high concentration of nonpermeating solutes and low water concentration |
Hypertonic solution |
|
In this tonic situation, cells lose water and crenate |
Hypertonic solution |
|
This is a normal saline soltuion |
Isotonic solution |
|
This is when proteins carry solutes across a cell membrane |
Carrier mediated transport |
|
What are 2 examples of carrier mediated transport? |
Facilitated diffusion and active transport |
|
In carrier mediated transport, a ____ binds to a specific receptor site on a carrier protein |
solute |
|
How does carrier mediated transport differ from membrane enzymes? |
The solutes are unchanged |
|
This is the transport rate when all carrier are occupied |
Transport maximum |
|
This type of membrane carrier carries only one solute at a time |
Uniporter |
|
This type of membrane carrier carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction (cotransport) |
Symporter |
|
This carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions (counter transport) |
Antiporter |
|
This sodium potassium pump is an example of which kind of membrane carrier? |
Antiporter |
|
This is a transport of solute down a concentration gradient, no ATP required |
Facilitated diffusion |
|
How does facilitated diffusion work? |
A solute binds to a carrier, it changes shape then releases solute on the other side of a membrane |
|
This pump is needed because Na+ and K+ constantly leak through a membrane |
Sodium-potassium pump |
|
How does the Sodium-potassium pump work? |
1 ATP is utilized to exchange 3 Na+ pushed out for two K+ brought into the cell |
|
This pump functions in regulation of the cell volume, heat production, maintainence of membrane potential in all cells, and secondary active transport |
Sodium-potassium pump |
|
Does secondary active transport use ATP? |
No |
|
In the regulation of cell volume of the sodium-potassium pump, what attracts cat ions, causing osmosis? |
Fixed anions |
|
What's another name for secondary active transport? |
SGLT; sodium-glucose transport protein |
|
This simultaneously binds Na+ and glucose and carries both into the cell at once. It absorbs glucose and prevents it from being wasted in the urine. |
SGLT; sodium-glucose transport protein |
|
This type of transport is used to transport large particles or droplets of fluid through membranes in vesicles |
Vesicular transport |
|
Does vesicular transport use ATP? |
Yes |
|
This is transport out of a cell |
Exocytosis |
|
This is transport into a cell |
Endocytosis |
|
Engulfing large particles |
Phagocytosis |
|
Taking in fluid droplets |
Pinocytosis |
|
Taking in specific particles bound to receptors |
Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Does pinocytosis occur in all humans? |
Yes |
|
In this process, the membrane caves in, and then pinches off into the cytoplasm as a pinocytotic vesicle |
Pinocytosis |
|
This is selective endocytosis and have receptor specificity, also called Clathrin-coated vesicle in cytoplasm |
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
|
This is transport of a substance across a cell |
Transcytosis |
|
How this works: receptor mediated endocytosis moves it into a cell and exocytosis moves it out of a cell (transporting it across the cell) |
Transcytosis |
|
People with this disease have abnormally low LDL receptors, and therfore their cells absorb less cholesterol than normal |
Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
|
If the gene for this disease is inherited from both parents, the sufferer will have a heart attack before age 20 and seldom survive beyond 30 years of age |
Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
|
What are the 3 structures in the cytoplasm? |
Organelles, Cytoskeleton, and Inclusions |
|
What organelles are not bordered by a membrane? |
Ribosome, centrosome, centriole, basal bodies |
|
This is made of microfilaments and microtubules |
Cytoskeleton |
|
These are stored products |
Inclusions |
|
This is the largest organelle |
Nucleus |
|
This is a 2 unit membrane held together by nuclear pores |
Nuclear envelope |
|
Made up of chromatin and nucleoli |
Nucleoplasm |
|
This is DNA and protein in the nucleus |
Chromatin |
|
These are dark masses where ribosomes are produced |
Nucleoli |
|
These are parallel flattened membranous sacs covered with ribosomes, continuous with nuclear envelope and smooth ER, |
Rough ER |
|
These synthesize packaged proteins, phospholipids, and proteins of plasma membrane
|
Rough ER |
|
These lack ribosomes, and their cisternae are more tubular and branching. |
Smooth ER |
|
These provide: synthesis of membranes, steroids (ovaries and testes), and lipids, detoxification (liver and kidney), and calcium storage (skeletal and cardiac muscle) |
Smooth ER |
|
These are granules of RNA and protein. They use directional mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the genetic code |
Ribosomes |
|
This organelle is a system of flattened sacs that synthesizes carbohydrates, packages proteins, and glycoproteins |
Golgi Apparatus |
|
The organelle forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and a new plasma membrane |
Golgi Apparatus |
|
These are packages of enzymes in a single unit membrane, variable in shape |
Lysosomes |
|
Digestion of worn out organelles done by lysosomes |
Autophagy |
|
Programmed cell death |
Autolysis |
|
These organelles resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and they function to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol |
Peroxisomes |
|
These are short, cylindrical assemblies of microtubules |
Centriole |
|
These are 2 double ring purines |
Guanine Adenine |
|
These are single ring pyrimadines |
Uracil, thymine, cytosine |
|
These are all the genes of 1 person |
Genome |
|
This is when messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed next to an activated gene |
Transcription |
|
mRNA code is 'read' by ribosomal RNA as amino acids are assembled into a protein molecule |
Translation |
|
This process converts the alphabet of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids to create a specific protein |
Translation |
|
This is what a cluster of 10-20 ribosomes reading mRNA at one time |
Polyribosomes |
|
This is the beginning of a chain of amino acids that determines proteins destination within a cell |
Signal peptide |
|
These kind of proteins prevent premature folding, assist in proper folding, and escort protein to final destination |
Chaperone proteins |
|
These proteins are produced in response to heat or stress and help damaged protein fold back into correct functional shapes |
Stress or heat-shock proteins |
|
This means that each new DNA molecule contains one new helix and one conserved from parent DNA |
Semiconservative replication |
|
How long does it take for all 46 chromosomes to be replicated by thousands of polymerase molecules? |
6-8 hours |
|
How do you form nucleosomes? |
DNA winds around histones |
|
These are changes in DNA structure due to replicaiton error or environmental factors |
Mutations |
|
The functions of this process are: Tissue growth Replacement of dead cells Repair of injured tissues |
Mitosis |
|
What are the phases of mitosis? |
PMAT |
|
This phase of mitosis is when chromatin coils into genetically identical, paired, and sister chromatids, when the nuclear envelope disintegrates. |
Prophase |
|
How many molecules of DNA are there per chromatid? |
1 |
|
This the phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up on one equator |
Metaphase |
|
This phase of mitosis is when daughter chromosomes move towards opposite poles of cells with centromeres leading the way |
Anaphase |
|
This phase of mitosis is when new nuclear envelope forms by rough ER, chromatids uncoil into chromatin, mitotic spindle breaks down, and nucleus forms nucleoli |
Telophase |
|
This is the division of cytoplasm into 2 cells |
Cytokinesis |
|
When do cells divide? |
1. When the cells have enough cytoplasm for 2 daughter cells. 2. DNA replicated 3. Adequate supply of nutrients 4. Growth factor simulation 5. Open space due to neighboring cell death |
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These are abnormal growths, cells multiply faster than they die |
Tumors (neoplasms) |
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This type of tumor is a connective tissue capsule, slow growth, and stays local |
Benign |
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This type of tumor is unencapsulated, fast growing, metastatic, and simulate angiogensis |
Malignant |
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This is cancer of the epithelial cells |
Carcinoma |
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This is cancer of pigment producing skin cells |
Melanoma |
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This is cancer of bone, connective tissue, or muscle |
Sarcoma |
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This is cancer of blood-forming tissues |
Leukemia |
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This is cancer of the lymph nodes |
Lymphoma |
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This kind of oncogenes cause excessive production of growth factors |
sis oncogene |
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This type of oncogene codes for abnormal growth factors |
ras oncogene |
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These are mutated forms of normal growth factor genes called ________ |
proto oncogenes |