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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sex Hormones
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Chemical substances manufactured in the gonads and adrenal glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream.
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Testosterone
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Hormone secreted by the testes in the male, part of androgen group.
-Stimulates and maintains secondary sex characteristics - Maintains genitals and sperm producing ability - Stimulates growth of bone and muscle |
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Estrogen
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Bring out many changes of puberty
- Stimulates growth of uterus and vagina - Enlarges pelvis - Stimulates breast growth - Maintains mucous membranes and stops growth of bone and muscles (why girls are smaller). |
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Progesterone
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Sex hormone secretes by ovaries
- Part of estrogen group - levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate according to the phase of menstruation and during various other stages (pregnancy and menopause). |
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Pituitary Gland
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Small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below hypothalamus. Three lobes:
1. Anterior (interacts with gonads) 2. Intermediary 3. Posterior |
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Prolactin
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Stimulates production of milk by mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.
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Oxytocin
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Stimulates ejection of milk from nipple as well as contractions during childbirth.
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Inhibin
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Substance secreted by testes and ovaries that regulates FSH levels. Suppresses FSH production, inhibiting sperm production.
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Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axos Feedback Loop in Female
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Hypothalamus secretes GnRH--> pituitary secretes FSH and LH---> Follicle and ovum, estrogen, and progesterone production in ovary.
-Estrogen and progesterone form feedback loop that acts on hypothalamus to regulate pituitary to regulate follicle and estrogen and progesterone production. |
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Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Feedback Loop in Male
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Hypothalamus secretes GnRH---> Pituitary secretes FSH to signal testes to produce sperm and LH to signal testes to produce testosterone.
- Feedback loop of sperm and testosterone, sensed by hypothalamus, keeps sperm and testosterone at relatively constant state. |
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Menstrual Cycle Phases
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1. Follicular Phase: FSH causes ovarian follicle development, endometrium proliferates.
2. Ovulation Phase: LH surge cause ovulation, mature egg emerges 3. Luteal Phase: follicle becomes corpus luteum, endometrium become secretory, corpus luteum secretes progesterone via feedback loop, reduces estrogen and progesterone production. 4. Menstruation: Hormonal support for development and maintenance of endometrium, endometrium is shed, low levels of estrogen and progesterone soon trigger new cycle. |
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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Sometimes fatal bacterial infection association with tampon use during menstruation. Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus.
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Cervical Mucus Cycle
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Glands in the cervix that secrete mucous throughout the menstrual cycle. Mucous protects entrance of cervix to keep bacteria out. Glands respond to changing levels of estrogen.
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Basal Body Temperature
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Fluctuates during menstrual cycle. Temp is low during follicular phase, takes a dip on day of ovulation, continues at higher level for the rest of the cycle.
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Menstrual Cycle: Length and Timing of Menstruation
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20-36-40 days, avg 28 days.
Day 1-4/5: Menstruation Day 5-13: Follicular Day 14: Ovulation Day 15-end: Luteal |
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Menstrual Pain
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Dysmenorrhea, caused by prostaglandins. Hormone like substance produced by tissues can cause contraction of smooth muscles and affect size of blood vessels. High levels can cause intense uterine contractions which choke off some supply of oxygen carrying blood.
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Amenorrhea
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Absence of menstruation, pregnancy, defects in reproductive system, hormone imbalance, cysts or tumours, disease, stress, emotional factors related to puberty, strenuous exercise and anorexia.
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Premenstrual Symptoms/Syndrome
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Can be affective and somatic, symptoms occur during luteal phase.
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Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder
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Marked premenstrual symptoms for more than 6-12 months, severe and impairing.
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Endometriosis
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Growth of endometrial tissues outside of the uterus at a number of sites.
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Hormone and Performance
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Luteal phase, higher estrogen and progesterone, better performance on verbal and fine motor skills. Worse on spatial ability and abstract reasoning (male abilities).
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Menstrual Cycle Phase and Sexual Interest
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Ovulation vs. luteal, women showed more interst in non-partner sex but no partner activity.
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Menopause
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Cessation of ovarian function, vasomotor experiences, sexual changes, osteoporosis.
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Prenatal Sexual Differentiation
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XY=Male, gonads differentiate into testes, testosterone secreted fetal genital anatomy masculinized.
XX= Female, Gonads differentiate into ovaries, testosterone is not secreted, fetal genital anatomy is feminized. |
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Chromosomes, hormones and gonads
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Males: sex determining region of Y chromosome SRY causes creation of testes determining factor TDF and tested differentiate from undifferentiated gonad at about 7 weeks gestation.
Females: No Y chromosome, SRY of TDF and undifferentiated gonads develop into ovaries at 10-11 weeks. |
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Mullerian Ducts
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Embyonic structures found in male and female fetuses, in females they degenerate, in males supported by testosterone develop into epydidymus, vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts.
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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Girls with masculanized genital anatomy, adrenal androgens masculine's XX female's genitals.
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Testosterone Insensitivity Syndrome
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Boys with feminized genital anatomy. XY male lacks testosterone receptors and genitals not masculinized.
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Transgender
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Core gender differs from anatomic gender.
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Sexual Orientation
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Internal sexual and romantic interest
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Intersex
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Individual who has mixture of male and female reproductive structures, not clear at birth whether male of female.
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5 Alpha Reductase Deficiency
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XY male lacks biochemical required for testosterone utilization, assigned female at birth, masculinizes at puberty.
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John Money's Account
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Psychosexually neutral at birth, gender is social construction that is learned, appearance of genitalia is considered crucial to social construction and learning of gender. Surgery to reduce ambiguity.
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Sexual Differentiation During Puberty
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Increased FSH and LH production stimulate pubertal development and testosterone, estrogen and progesterone play major roles in sexual characteristic development in males and females.
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