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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
menarche is what?
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initial onset on menstration
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when does menarche occur?
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age 11-15
dependent on heredity and health factors |
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why has the age of menstration onset decreased?
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hormones, poor nutrition, obesity
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why is menstration affected by higher altitudes?
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impacts blood cells at higher altitudes. women at these altitudes have higher count of fat cells. this could explain why obesity also affects menstration.
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menstrual cycle-menstrual phase
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from 23-40 days
-reduced progesterone and estrogen triggers -shedding of the endometrium triggers the hypothalmus to releases chemicals(FSH) to stimulate pituitary |
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menstrual cycle- proliferative phase
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-FSH increases
-Follicles mature -estrogen reaches peak which causes FSH to decrease and LH to increase. -estrogen causes endometrium to thicken, follice mature, ovulation occurs 14 days prior onset on menstration |
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menstrual cycle- secretory phase
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-corpus lutem develops from LH.
-estrogen produced from ovaries and progesteron causes thickening of endometrium (in preparation of implant of blastocyst) -if no implant then the pituitary gland responds to high estrogen and progesterone and shuts down production of LH and FSH. -this causes corpus lutem (means e and p decrease) to degenerate -triggers shedding of endometrium initiating menstrual cycle |
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why perform a self breast exam?
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self awarness
health |
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when is the best time to perform self breast exam?
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3-5 days after period bc sometimes breast tender during period
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how often perform self -breast exam?
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once a month
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what is a bad sign?
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discharge from nipple
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breast health
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new reasearch suggests there is a new medicine that if taken before surgery can reduce breast cancer lump size.
-nonhispanic white, african american, and asain least likely fatality of breast cancer. -BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 tests can find this mutated gene. predicts liklihood of cancer. solution? masectomy (surgical removal of breasts) |
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mamography
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a highly sensative x-ray test detection of breast cancer best used for women 40 and older
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fibrocystic disease
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lumps that are unharmful can tender from mild to severe discomfort. related to hormones.
- dietary changes can help by eating more fish, chicken and grains and less red meat salts, and fat. also caffine could potentially contribute |
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treatment of breast cancer
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-radiation therapy
-chemotherapy -hormone therapy -immunotherapy -lumpectomy -masectomy -or combination of these |
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three types of lumps
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cysts, fibrodemonas, and meligent tumors
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kegel exercises for women may...
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increase genital sensitivity by maintaining or restoring muscle tone to the pelvic floor muscles
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frequent douching
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alters natural ph/ natural chemical balance of vagina increasing sucesstiblity to infections and other health risks
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symptons urinary tract infection
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-frequent urination
-burning sensation when urinating -blood or pus in urine -sometimes lower pelvic pain |
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2 causes UTI
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-bacteria enter the urethal opening
-bacteria enter through coitus |
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2 treatments UTI
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-wash hands and genitals before and after intercourse
-antibiotics -intercourse positions less friction - water solluble lubricants -urinate after sex -drink liquids such as cranberry juice avoid caffine |
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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
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Symptons of physical discomfort and emotional irribility that occur 2 to 12 days before menstration
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Dysemnorreha
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pain or discomfort before or during menstration
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why does dysmenorrhea occur?
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- primary caused overproduction of prostaglanids(hormones that induce uterine contractions)
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how to prevent vaginitis?
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-eat a well balanced diet
-general good health (adequete sleep, exercise, emotional relase) -good hygine -lubrication -condoms non monogomous partner |
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Pap smear
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screening test for cancer of cervix
-done 3 years after becoming sexually active or by age 21. can range evry 2 years, once a year, twice a year, or even more frequently. |
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Mons Veneris
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fatty tissue over the pubic bone above vulva. numerous nerve endings and protection
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Clitoral Hood
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Protects clitoris. smega may accumulate under it
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clitoris
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sexual arousal. only function pleasure
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vestibule
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inside labia minora the area of the vulva. has to do with sexual arousal
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Perineum
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area between vagina and anus
-during child birth part called epistomy while in labor makes more room for fetus |
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labia major (lips)
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outer lips similar to the mons veneris
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labia minora
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inner lips join at the prepace(foreskin/ fold over vagina). has sweat and oil glands. also nerve endings
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urethal opening
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urine flow
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introitus
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vaginal opening
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clitoral shaft
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contains carvenous bodies (engorge with blood)
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crura
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innermost part of cavernous bodies connects to bone
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vestibular bulbs
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engrge with blood during sexual arousal
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bartholins gland
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inside the vaginal opening. secretes fluid during arousal
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glans of clitoris
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head very sensative
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vagina
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• Vagina: A stretchable canal in the female that opens at the vulva and extends about 3 to 5 inches into the pelvis.
- Contails 3 layers of tissue; muscosa, muscle, and fibrous tissue. |
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circumcision
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rates have decreased over time
-in west 40.2 % and in south overall increase -globally nigeria has the most then phillipines then the U.S. Britin has the least |
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CDC guidelines circumcision
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no CDC guidelines exist.
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AAP
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assumes neutral stance- some pros some cons
-2012: benefits outweigh the risks but there is still no official recommendation |
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andropause
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gradual aging due to hormone changes
-after 30, testosterone decreases by 1% a year -by 50, could be at least 50% -exercise and diet affect testosterone as you get older |
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effects of andropause
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-sexual desire, mood, energy level and things associated
-mid life crisis-this can happen but skewed because of media |
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what does low testosterone mean?
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does not mean something serious but can be an indication of another serious problem
-studys show low estrogen can be a problem because it is necessary for guys and sex drive |
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spermatic cord
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contains vas defrens, blood vessels, nerves, and cremastic muscle
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vas defrens
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move sperm to scrotum to ejaculatory duct through prostate. the ejaculatory duct opens into uretha
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epidymis
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holds sperm for maturation
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testes
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secrete male hormones to produce sperm
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srotum
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comprised of tunica dartos and skin
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cremasteric muscle
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influences position of testes in scrotal sac
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penis
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• Penis: A male sexual organ consisting of the internal root and external shaft and glands.
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root
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• Root: portion of penis that extends internally into the pelvic bone
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shaft
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the length of the penis between the glans and the body. it can engorge with blood
glans-head endowed with nerve endings |
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crura
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tip of carvenous bodies
carvenous bodies-engorge with blood during sexual arousal |
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spongy body forms
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glans
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glans
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head richly endoged with nerve cells
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uretha
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tube in males through which urine passes to bladder
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• Seminal Vessicles
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: small glands adjacent to the terminals of vas deferens that secrete an alkaline fluid that consistutes greatest portion of the volume of seminal fluid released during ejaculation. Before this point moved by cilia after this point propel themselves whiplike action.
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3 positive changes reported by men after kegel exercises
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-stronger and more pleasurable orgasms
-better ejaculatory control -increased pelvic sensation during sexual arousal |
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cryptorchidism
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a condition in which testes fail to decend from the abdominal cavity to scrotal sac
-problematic may causes infertility and increased rates of testicular cancer |
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retorgrade ejaculation
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expelled through the bladder rather than the penis
problematic not in itself but could signal other health problem sterility |
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smegma
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a cheesy substance of glandular secretions and skin cells that sometimes accumulate under foreskin or hood of clitoris
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3 consequences of smegma accumulation
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-unpleasant odor
-grainy and irritating -breeding ground for infection causing organisms |
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penile cancer
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is not common (about 1300 men in U.S. a year)
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potential causes penile cancer
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over 50, multiple sex partners, STI, poor hygine, uncircumsied, phimos(extremely tight forsekin), and long history tobacco use.
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testicular cancer
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1-2% of men
-greatest risk 20-35 |
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prostatis
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prostate becomes enlarged and inflammed as result infectious agent
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4 symptons prostatis
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-pain pelvic area or base of penis
-lower abdominal ache -back ache -aching testes -painful urinating -frequent urinating -difficulty sexual functions |
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prostate cancer
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2 most common type of cancer among men.
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how to diagnose prostate cancer?
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-Digital rectal examination (DRE)-finger in rectum
-prostate specific antigen (PSA)-blood test |
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prevent penis fracture?
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-not too much weight on penis
-go slow |
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sex
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biological
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gender
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what we construct means male or female
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gender identity
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subjective sense of maleness or femaleness
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gender role
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attitudes and behavior a culture considers normal for people of a paricular sex.
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sex determination
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23 human chromosomes
-22 autosomes and 1 se either XX or XY |
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DSS gene
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DSS tubercule becomes clitoris and the folds become inner vaginal lips labioscrotal swelling into lips
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DHY (0r SRY)
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presence stimulate swelling that causes to become scrotum and genital turbecule to become shaft and glans. SRY malarian inhibiting this destroys the ducts to assure they are male.
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external structures?
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cant be seen until about 15 weeks (at 9 weeks still look the same)
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internal structures?
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the two ducts begin to differentiate the wolfian develops into vas deferens, semi vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. The millerian duct develops fallopian tube, the uterus and inner third vagina.
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DHT deficient males
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DHT is what allows shaft and glans to differ and become what they are. if absent will look like female but are chromosomally male. at puberty testes decend.
-will often make switch female to male challanges identity formed first years of life and cant change |
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chromosomal disorders
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Kleinfeilters-taller feminized male sterile
Turners-shorter masculinzed female sterile |
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hypothalmus
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directs the production of sex hormones during puberty
-may influence sex differences and functioning. BST and POA are both larger in males and may affect behavior |
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cerbral hemisphere
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the right side in males is thicker (better at math and science
corpus collusum thicker in females bilateral use multitask |
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one theory- form identity by age 3
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- do other cultures view gender differently?
-dominant female/ male roles in south the north more flexible -two spirited persons -historical changes, media, toys becoming more egalitarian |
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androgony
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best of both worlds. a little male a little female
Bems scale-measures how masculine/ femine |
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implications
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- cant break from ideas
example: study showed men who did household chores had less sex -milenial generation but men still pay for dates and epected to approach females |
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social learning theory
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parents, teachers, peers, schools, textbooks, television, religion
-gender typed toys and play |
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interactional model
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both biological and social learning
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transsexual
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gender identity opposite to biological sex. will pursue changes
-not determined by sexual orientation -the DSM still diagnoses gender dysphoria which is unhappiness with biological sex or gender role |
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transgender
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appearance/ behavior does not conform to traditional gender roles rather it transcends
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sex reasignment
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strict, expensive, and risky
-the first surgery was in denmark in 1952 |
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steps sex reassignment surgery
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step 1: adjust to identity
step 2: hormone therapy step 3: surgery |
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laterization of function
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a term used to describe the degree to which a aparticular function is controlled by one rather than both hemispheres
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3 disorders affecting prenatal hormones
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1.) Androgen insensitivity syndrome- a condition resulting from genetic defect that causes chromosomally normal males to be insensatitive to the action of testosterone and other androgens. These individuals develop female external genitals of normal appearance.
2.) Fetally Androgenized Females- a chromosomally normal XX female who as a result of excessive exposure to androgens during prenatal sex differentiation develops external genitalia resembling those of male. 3.) DHT-deficint males: a chromosomally normal male develops external genitilia resembling female as result lack od DHT. |
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what do ovaries and testes produce?
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• Ovaries produce two classes of hormones; estrogens and proegastional compounds. The primary of the testes are andogen the most important androgen being testosterone
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influences on sexual arousal and response
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brains capacity to create images and fantasies, emotions, various sensory processes, hormones, the level of intimacy, host of other influences including cultural
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limbic system (also known seat of emotions)
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A subcortical brain system composed of several interrelated structures that influence the sexual behavior of humans and other animals.
Key structures in the limbic system include the congulate gyrus, the amygadala and the hippocampus and parts of the hypothalamus(plays regulating role). |
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cerbral cortex
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reasoning, language, and imagination
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hypothalmus
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MPOA: in rats those with lesions spent more time with mating males than mating females
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cingulate
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sensory to emotion
it was shown to light up in females who evaluated partners as low risk |
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amygdala
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role in anticipating sex for males.
deals with visual stimuli did not light up in females |
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hippocampus
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gonadal hormones and memories.
-pleasant memories help respond |
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what androgen stimulates dopamine and helps arousal?
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testosterone
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serotin
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inhibits arousal
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dopamine
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excites arousal
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what happens after ejaculation?
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- serotonin relased in MPOA and hypothalmus
-inhibits sexual arousal by inhibiting dopamine |
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SSRI's
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contain serotonin and increases the amount in the body which in turn decreases sex drive
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testosterone
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produced by testes (95%), produced by ovaries (95%) and produced by adrenal glands (5%)
-in males 20-40 times more than females -linked to sexual desire and genital sensativity -5% free linked labido -if dec testosterone decrease in desire but can still perform |
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in females major labido hormone
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is free testosterone (1-3% free)
-less t but more sensative to effects] -one potential treatment for post menopausal women is increased t |
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estrogen
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-produced by ovaries and testes
-unclear link between estrogen in males and estrogen in females |
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sexual behavior and estrogen
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-lubrication of females
-secondary sex characteristics |
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oxytocin
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secreted during cuddling and other physical acts
-increases skin sensativity -high levels associated with orgasm release for women and men -for women it stimulate contraction of the uterine wall during orgasm and birth |
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all sense contribute to sexual arousal
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-touch is dominant sense
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primary erogenous zones
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nipples, neck, ear, thigh
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secondary erogenous zones
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may discover consequently
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smell
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may play a role through pheromones: androstenone
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aphrodisiacs
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arouse desire or increase activity
-no clear evidence of genuine aphrodisiacs quality -role of expectations may influence |
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anaphrodisiacs
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inhibits sexual behavior
example: nicotine, SSRI, smells why? constrict blood flow limiting circulating testosterone |
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kaplans model
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desire, excitment orgasm
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master and johnsons model
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- excitement(increase myotonia, vasocongestion, heart rate and blood pressure), plateau(leveling off period nothing changes really all of the abover listed increase). , orgasm(series of muscular contractions of the pelvic floor muscles occurring at the peak of sexual arousal), and resolution ( return to normal nonexcited state)
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how does this all together influence sexual behavior
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know self, sexual intelligence, know what like/ dont like, social context
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how does media influence behavior?
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-double standard
-sexexerice |
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what is sexercise
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sex as exercise
100-300 calories burned -morning there is higher t in males |
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types of sexercise
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-flexi sex-sex as yoga
-core gasm-hold in core -switch it up -cross training |
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sexual frequency
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age 50 a sharp decline is evident
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infidelity
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-european countries have higher rates
-40-50% of couples say this is why they divorced -Ashley MAdison dating website for those looking to cheat -studies have shown guiness to be the #1 cheaters choice drink |
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two types of celibacy
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partial and complete
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why cellibacy?
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-moral
-avoid sti, pregnancy -emotional stability -waiting for right person -asexual/ no desire |
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"the death of sex"
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celibacy rates are rising in Japan,
why? females dont want children and want to focus on their career |
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how often do we think about sex?
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54% of males said everyday (as compared 19%f)
-a few times a week/month 43% males and 67% females -less than once a month more females than males |
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sexnomia
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interuptions during none REM sleep
-the control center of the brain is off and decisions cant be made -debate on how to handle these cases |
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parasomnia
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interputions during sleep
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historical perspective of masturbation
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- condemned because non procreational
-eronneous health concerns -freud considered immature |
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how does technology influence behavior?
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-sexting
-facetime -fundawear |
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who typically enjpoys foreplay more?
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women
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what is relased immediately following ejaculation?
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serotinin contributes to refractory period
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kissing
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cross cultural perspective and attiudes
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touching
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cornerstone human sexuality
-whole body is responsive -specific erogenous zones |
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stimulation of genitals
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-manual
-oral |
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two types of oral
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fellatio-oral of penis
cunillingus-oral of vulva |
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coitus
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term for intercourse
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anal sex
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-prevelance lower than other forms of sexual acitivyt
-health risk (HIV and other infections) |
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why is anal sex risky for health?
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the butt is not naturally lubriacted so can be dangerous also the anal has a lot of different germs and diseases
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tantric sex
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about maintaining relationship the duration is most important
-began in India |
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what aprodisiac is responsible for negative interactions
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alchol it lowers inhibitions
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why is the scrotum outside of the body?
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it is a temperature regulator sperm cant survive inside
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two parts of glans most sensative to stimulation
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corona and frenlum
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seminal fluid comes from
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prostate seminal vessicles and cowparts glans
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