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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
LDL
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Low density Lipoprotein
high levels of these can lead to the development of blocked blood vessels, which can result in high blood pressure and/or heart attack You want low LDLs |
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HDL
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GOOD cholesterol
High density lipoproteins you want HIGH HDLs |
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Vitamins
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organic nutrient we must obtain from diet, but is required in small amounts
TWO TYPES: 1. fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, K 2. water soluble: Vitamin B and C |
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Minerals
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simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts
examples: calcium, phosphorus, iron |
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saliva
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salivary glands deliver saliva to oral cavity.
saliva contains: 1. glycoprotein- protects soft lining of mouth and lubricates food for swallowing 2. buffers- neutralize food acid, prevent tooth decay 3. antibacterial agents- kill many bacteria that enter mouth with food 4.*amylase- a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes startch |
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Heimlich maneuver
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if blockage in pharynx, do the maneuver
Dr. Henry Heimlich invented in the 1970s push fist into stomach, diaphragm should be forced up, repeat until object is dislodged |
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Heartburn
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acid reflux
esophageal sphincter does not close all the way/ properly, back-flow of CHYME goes into the esophagus, and causes heart burn Treat with antacids |
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Ulcers
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caused by:
1. a bacteria: helicobacter pylori 2. mucous fails to coat stomach treat with pepto-bismol (bismuth) |
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Location of most absorption in humans
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small intestine
*villi *microvilli |
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Digestive function of pancreas
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the pancreas and liver are accessory glands that contribute to digestion in the small intestine.
the pancreas produces a pancreatic juice which is a mixture of digestive enzymes and alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidity of chyme. |
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21.10
The liver |
produces bile. bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest
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fat is first digested in the
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small intestine
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the colon functions
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to compact undigested materials (feces)
it absorbs water, vitamins, and eliminates undigested material to the rectum |
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21.12
The percent of water reabsorbed in the colon is |
90%
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glycogen is stored where?
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the liver
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21.16
cause of malnourishment? |
Results from the long term absence from diet of one or more of the essential nutrients
person lacks one of the essential nutrients: essential fatty acids essential amino acids vitamins minerals |
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21.16
essential nutrients include: |
an ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT is a material that must be obtained in preassembled form because an animal's cells can't make them from any raw material.
THESE ARE: essential fatty acids essential amino acids vitamins minerals |
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21.16
essential AMINO acids |
eight amino acids of the 20 total, which adult humans cannot make are the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
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21.16
an essential fatty acid |
example: liloneic acid, which makes some phospholipids of cell membranes
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21.21
LEPTIN |
is a hormone that regulates appetite in mammals
increased levels of leptin decreases appetite decreased levels of leptin, increases apetite |
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21.14
Animals eat to obtain |
1. need fuel to power all the body's activities
2. organic molecules to build animal's own molecules 3. essential nutrients/substances the animal cannot make for itself but must obtain from food |
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21.5
Functions of the tongue |
1. helps taste food
2. shapes food into a BOLUS- ball of food in mouth |
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21.6
Peristalsis |
The involuntary muscles of the esophagus move food down the esophagus.
is also used in the intestinal system, to move food along |
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21.11
Hepatic portal vein |
transports nutrients absorbed from intestines to the liver
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21.18
Iron's function in the body |
electron carrier molecules
hemoglobin |
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21.19
Recommended Dietary allowances (RDAs) |
varied diet with minimum amounts of nutrients needed each day as determined by a national scientific panel
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21.21
Over-nourishment; diseases associated |
consuming more food energy than the body needs for normal metabolism
diseases associated include: cardiovascular disease, colon/breast cancer, diabetes |
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21.8
Gastric glands secretion |
1. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen- the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin
2. Parietal cells= secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions which combine to form HCl 3. mucous cells secrete mucus= lube and protects stomach lining |
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Aerobic respiration waste product
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CO2
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22.1
define breathing |
3 Phases of Gas Exchange:
1. breathing 2. Transport of gases 3. Cells take up O2 from blood and release CO2 back into the blood |
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22.2
define respiratory surface |
must be made of:
1. living cells 2. moist |
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Which animal has a respiratory system that does not rely on a circulatory system?
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grasshopper
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22.3
Characteristics of gills |
1. advantage: respiratory system is always moist
2. disadvantage: only 3-5% of the oxygen is dissolved in water total surface area of gills, is greater that that of the total body surface area of a fish |
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22.3
"Ventilation" |
any movement that increases the flow of the surrounding water/ air over a respiratory surface
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22.3
advantage of exchanging gas in water |
advantage: respiratory system is always moist
1. advantage: respiratory system is always moist disadvantage: only 3-5% of the oxygen is dissolved in water |
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22.6
Location of Vocal cords |
located in the larynx, just after the pharynx, or back of the throat.
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22.6
Pathway of oxygen in/carbon dioxide out |
oxygen in:
1. nostrils 2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. bronchus 6. bronchioles 7. alveoli |
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Animals need oxygen to
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perform cellular respiration, and obtain energy from glucose
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Gas exchange occurs on
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respiratory surfaces
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the part of the brain that controls breathing is
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the Medulla
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22.6
Nasal cavities |
filter, warm, humidify, and sample air for odors
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22.7secondhand smoke risks
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some toxins lead to lung cancer
smoking is the leading cause of emphysema exposes a person to more than 4,000 chemicals in one drag |
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22.7
cause of smoker's cough |
cilia on cells lining respiratory tract are irritated by tobacco and can be destroyed.
cilia's job is to move particles and mucous out of the respiratory tract, but if destroyed, coughing is the only way for the particles to be released |
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22.8
VITAL CAPACITY |
IS THE maximum volume of air we can inhale and exhale during forced breathing
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22.9
Consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration |
Based on the CO2 level in the blood, the medulla signals the diaphragm to move, making us breathe.
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22.10
Place where Blood goes to After it leaves the lungs |
Blood goes to the heart and from there is pumped to the organs of the body
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The signal that causes the first breath of a new born
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increase in concentration of CO2 in the blood
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22.11Function of Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin is an iron-containing pigment that turns red when bound to O2
hemoglobin helps in the transport of O2. O2 binds to hemoglobin and is transported in the blood this way. a red blood cell is packed with ~250million molecules of hemoglobin to help transport O2. it also helps 2. transport CO2, and 3. assists in buffering blood |