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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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- Individual Differences
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dissimilarities between or among two or more people.
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- Mental Test
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is an instrument designed to measure a subject’s ability to reason, plan and solve problems’ an intelligence test
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- Differential Psychology
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the study of differences between or among two or more people
- Intelligence is the ability to learn and adapt to an environment; often used to refer to general intellectual capacity, as opposed to cognitive ability or mental ability, which often refer to more specific abilities such as memory or reasoning. |
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- Mental Ability
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is the capacity to reason, plan and solve problems; cognitive ability
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- Metric
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standard of measurement; a scale.
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- Psychometrics
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practice or measuring a characteristic such as mental ability, placing it on a scale or metric: instrument designed to measure the ability to reason, learn and solve problems.
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- Psychometrician
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psychologist trained in measuring characteristics such as mental ability.
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- Cognitive Ability
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capacity to reason, plan and solve problems; mental ability.
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- G
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abbreviation for general mental ability
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- General mental ability
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the nonspecific capacity to reason, learn, and solve problems in any of a wide variety of ways and circumstances.
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- G-ocentric model
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tendency to understand and predict the behavior of workers simply by examining “g”.
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- Physical abilities
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bodily powers such as muscular strength, flexibility, and stamina
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- Personality
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an individual’s behavioral and emotional characteristics, generally found to be stable over time and in a variety of circumstances; an individual’s habitual way of responding
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- Interests
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preferences or likings for broad ranges of activites.
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- Knowledge
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A collection of specific and interrelated facts and information about a particular topic area
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- Emotion
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an affect or feeling, often experienced and displayed in reaction to an event or thought and accompanied by physiological changes in various systems of the body.
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- There is a growing consensus that we can divide the individual differences useful in understanding work behavior into certain categories including:
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o Cognitive ability;
o Physical ability; o Personality; o Interests |
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- taxonomy
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an orderly, scientific system of classification
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- perceptual-motor abilities
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physical attributes that combine the senses and motor coordination
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- affect
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the conscious, subjective aspect of emotion
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- IQ
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abbreviation for intelligence quotient.
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- Intelligence quotient
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measure of intelligence obtained by giving a subject a standardized IQ test. The score is obtained by multiplying by 100 the ration of the subject’s mental age to chronological age.
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- Meta-analysis
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statistical method for combining and analyzing the results from many studies to draw a general conclusion about relationships among variables.
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- Flynn Effect
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phenomenon in which new generations appear to be smarter that their parents by a gain of 15 points in average intelligence test score per generation; named after the political scientist who did extensive research on the topic.
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- Standard deviation
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measure of the extent of spread in a set of scores.
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- Stamina
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physical ability to supply muscles with oxygenated blood throught the cardiovascular system; also known as cardiovascular strength or aerobic strength or endurance.
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- Muscular tension
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physical quality of muscular strength
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- Muscular power
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physical ability to lift, pull, push or otherwise move an object; unlike endurance this is a one time maximum effort.
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- Muscular endurance
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physical ability to continue to use a single muscle or muscle group repeatedly over a period of time.
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- Sensory abilities
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physical function of vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell and kinesthetic feedback.
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- Americans with Disabilities Act
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Federal legislation in 1990 requiring employers to give applicants and employees with disabilities the same consideration as other applicants and employees, and to make certain adaptations in the work environment to accommodate disabilities.
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- Psychomotor abilities
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physical functions of movement, associated with coordination, dexterity, and reaction time; also called motor or sensorimotor abilities
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- Big 5
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: a taxonomy of five personality factors; the Five Factor Model (FFM). Comprised of conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.
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- Conscientiousness
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Quality of having positive intentions and carrying them out with care.
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- Functional Personality at work
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the way that an individual behaves, handles emotions, and accomplishes tasks in a work setting, a combination of Big Five Factors
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- Agreeableness
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likeable, easy to get along with, friendly
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- Emotional Stability
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Displaying little emotion; showing the same emotional response in various situations
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- Integrity
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quality of being honest, reliable and ethical.
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- Achievement
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a facet of conscientiousness consisting of hard work, persistence, and the desire to do good work
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- Dependability
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a facet of conscientiousness, consisting of being disciplined, well organized, respectful of laws and regulations, honest, trustworthy, and accepting of authority.
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- Positive valance
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continuum of favorable personality characteristics running from normal to exceptional
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- Negative valance
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continuum of unfavorable personality characteristics running from normal to abominable.
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- Self efficacy
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the belief in one’s capability to perform a specific task or reach a specific goal.
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- Vocational interest
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preferences or linking for a particular activity or setting (as in a job or occupational setting).
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- RIASEC
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acronym for Hollan’s model of vocational interests, which proposes six interest types of people: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.
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- Skills
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practiced acts, such as shooting a basketball, using a computer keyboard, or persuading someone to buy something.
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- People skills
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a non technical term that includes negotiating skills, communication skills, and conflict resolution skills.
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- O*NET
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collection of electronic databases, based on well-developed taxonomies, that has updated and replaced the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
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- Tactic Knowledge
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action-oriented, goal directed knowledge, acquired without direct help from others; colloquially called “street smarts”
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- Procedural Knowledge
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familiarity with a procedure or process: knowing “how”.
- Declarative Knowledge: understanding what is required to perform a task; knowing information about a job or job task. |
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- Experience
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Direct participation in, or observation of, events and activities that serves as a basis for knowledge.
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- Measurement Modes
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unit of measurement used to assess experience
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- Level of specificity
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method used to gauge experience according to task, job and organization characteristics
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- Competencies
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sets of behaviors, usually learned by experience, that are instrumental in the accomplishment of desired organizational results or outcomes
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- Job analysis
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process that determines the important tasks of a job and the human attributes necessary to successfully perform those tasks
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- Emotional Intelligence (IE)
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A proposed kind of intelligence focused on people’s awareness of their own and others’ emotions
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- Construct
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psychological concept or characteristic that a predictor is intended to measure: examples are intelligence, personality and leadership.
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- Mental test
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Instrument designed to measure the subject’s ability to reason, plan and solve problems; an intelligence test.
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- Test
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an objective and standardized procedure for measuring psychological construct using sample of behavior
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- Norming
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comparing a test score to other relevant test scores.
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- Norm group
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group whose test scores are used to compare and understand an individual’s test score
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- Test battery
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collection of tests that usually assess a variety of different attributes.
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- Mental Measurements Yearbook
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widely used source that includes an extensive listing of tests as well as reviews of those tests
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- Speed test
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has rigid and demanding time limits so most test takers will be unable to finish the test in the allotted time
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- Power test
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has no rigid time limits; enough time is given for a majority of the test takers to complete all of the test items
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- Group test
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can be administered to large groups of individuals: often valuable in reducing the cost (both time and money) of testing many applicants
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- Individual test:
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test given only on an individual basis
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- Paper and Pencil test
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one of the most common forms of industrial testing that requires no manipulation of any objects other then the instrument used to respond
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- Performance test
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requires the individual to make a response by manipulating a particular physical object or piece of equipment
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- Bias
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technical and statistical term that deals exclusively with a situation where a given test results in errors of prediction for a subgroup
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- Fairness
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value judgment about actions or decisions based on test scores
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- Culture
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a system in which individuals share meanings and common ways of viewing events and objects
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- Cognitive ability test
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Allows individuals to demonstrate what they know, perceive, remember, understand, or can work with mentally; includes problem identification, problem solving tasks, perceptual skills, the development or evaluation of ideas, and remembering what one has learned through general experience or specific training.
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- Cognitive test battery
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collection of tests that assess a variety of cognitive aptitudes or abilities; often called multiple aptitude test batteries
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- Knowledge test
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assesses the extent to which individuals understand course or training materials; also administered for licensing and certification purposes.
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- Promoter abilities
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physical functions of movement, associated with coordination, dexterity, and reaction time; also called motor or sensorimotor abilities
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- Screen out test
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used to eliminate candidates who are clearly unsuitable for employment: tests of psychopathology are examples of screen out test in the employment setting.
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- Screen in test
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used to add information about the positive attributes of a candidate that might predict outstanding performance; test of normal personality are examples of screen in tests in the employment setting
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