Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is immunity?
|
State of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially an infectious disease
|
|
What are the two types of immunity?
|
- Acquired / Adaptive Immunity
- Natural / Innate Immunity |
|
What is Acquired / Adaptive Immunity?
|
- Immunity resulting from the adaptive development of active immunity
- Initiated by the innate response - Mediated by antibodies and T cells - Takes several days to weeks to become effective, but is very long-lived (memory) and highly specific for infection |
|
What is Natural / Innate Immunity?
|
- Inherent protection that is permanent (more or less) from birth
- Immediate response when host is challenged - Highly effective response that is mediated by a large number of cells and molecules normally present in host - Not specific to one type of organism |
|
What is an immune response?
|
Reaction of the body to substances that are foreign or are interpreted as foreign
|
|
What are the differences in locations of an invading antigen or microbe?
|
- Intracellular - within a cells cytoplasm or vacuole
- Extracellular - outside cells, either soluble or associated w/ external surface of cells |
|
How do primary and secondary immune responses differ?
|
- Primary - response to initial exposure of substance
- Secondary - more rapid and stronger response to subsequent exposure to substance |
|
What are the protective mechanisms the immune system uses?
|
- Killing
- Neutralization - Phagocytosis - Inflammation |
|
What is immunogenicity?
|
Ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response
|
|
What are the factors that influence immunogenicity?
|
- Immunogens - antigens that induce an immune response
- Antigens - molecule that binds to (is recognized) by antibody or T cells |
|
How does the size of proteins affect their immunogenicity?
|
Larger proteins have increased immunogenicity (greater immune response) than small (MW <2500) proteins
|
|
How does the dose of proteins affect their immunogenicity?
|
- Intermediate doses have increased immunogenicity
- High or low doses have decreased immunogenicity |
|
How does the route of protein entry affect their immunogenicity?
|
Increased immunogenicty --> Decreased immunogenicity:
Subcutaneous > Intraperitoneal > Intravenous / Intragastric |
|
How does the composition of proteins affect their immunogenicity?
|
- Complex proteins = increased immunogenicity
- Simple proteins = decreased immunogenicity |
|
How does the form of proteins affect their immunogenicity?
|
- Particulate / Denatured = increased immunogenicity
- Soluble / Native = decreased immunogenicity |
|
How does the similarity of proteins to self-proteins affect their immunogenicity?
|
- More differences = increased immunogenicity
- Few differences = decreased immunogenicity |
|
What is an adjuvant?
|
Immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents
|
|
How does the speed of release of adjuvants affect the immunogenicity of proteins?
|
- Slow release = increased immunogenicity
- Rapid release = decreased immunogenicity |
|
How does the content of adjuvants affect the immunogenicity of proteins?
|
- Bacteria adjuvant = increased immunogenicity
- No bacteria immunogenicity = decreased immunogenicity |
|
How does the efficacy of the interaction w/ host MHC affect the immunogenicity of proteins?
|
- Effective interaction w/ host MHC = increased immunogenicity
- Ineffective interaction w/ host MHC = decreased immunogenicity |
|
What type of receptors does Innate immunity use?
|
Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRR)
e.g. Toll-like receptors |
|
What type of receptors does Adaptive immunity use?
|
Antigen Receptors
e.g. T-Cell Receptor (TCR) and B-Cell Receptor (BCR) |
|
What memory system is utilized by the Innate Immunity?
|
None
|
|
What memory system is utilized by the Adaptive Immunity?
|
Clones of lymphocytes remain in the body and will recognize and respond to antigen more rapidly than the first, initiating exposure event
|
|
What are PAMPs?
|
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns - molecules associated w/ groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system on their Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
|
|
What binds to PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)?
|
PRR (Pattern-Recognition Receptors) of the innate immunity
|
|
MHC molecules of the cells of the innate immunity present peptides to what cells?
|
T Lymphocytes (bind to T-Cell Receptor, TCR)
|
|
Very basically, what happens after exposure to an unknown antigen (X)?
|
- Start w/ Naive B cells
- Small primary anti-X response by Activated B cells - Form Memory B cells |
|
Very basically, what happens in a second exposure to an antigen (X)?
|
- Memory B cells produced after primary anti-X response proliferate
- Increased and more rapid secondary anti-X response |
|
More specifically, what happens following an exposure to an unknown antigen-presenting cell?
|
- Naive B and T lymphocytes recognize antigen
- Clonal expansion of B and T lymphocytes - Differentiation of B cells to become antibody-producing cells - Differentiation of T cells to become Effector T lymphocytes - Effector phase: elimination of antigens - Return to homeostasis: apoptosis of B and T cells - Surviving memory cells |
|
How are the innate and adaptive immune responses coordinated?
|
Innate generates key molecules that function as the 2nd signal required by T and B cells to respond to antigen
|
|
What is the first signal that naive lymphocytes respond to?
|
TCR or BCR recognize antigen
|
|
Where are the naive lymphocytes located?
|
Peripheral lymphoid tissues
|
|
What happens when lymphocytes are activated by 1st (antigen binding to TCR/BCR) and 2nd (innate cells presenting peptides) signals?
|
Lymphocytes become activated, undergo clonal proliferation, and initiate their effector functions
|
|
What dictates the type and strength of the T cell or B cell response? What produces this?
|
Cytokines (produced by cells of innate immune system)
|
|
What are the two components of the Adaptive Immune System? What is their main difference?
|
- Cell-Mediated Immunity - combats intracellular pathogens w/ T lymphocytes
- Humoral Immunity - combats extracellular pathogens and toxins w/ B lymphocytes and secreted antibodies |
|
Cell-Mediated immunity requires T cells interact with what other cell types?
|
- Phagocytes
- Infected host cells - B lymphocytes |
|
What do T cells (Cell-Mediated Immunity) utilize effector cells of Innate Immunity for?
|
Utilize effector cells of Innate Immunity to complete pathogen clearance and repair damage from the immune response
|
|
What does the Humoral Immunity recognize and become activated by?
|
Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and small chemicals
|
|
What is the function of antibodies?
|
- Block the ability of microbes or their secreted toxins to bind to and infect or damage host cells
- Also play a role in limiting infection w/ intracellular pathogens by preventing their infection of host cells |
|
What are the types of immune organs?
|
- Primary - generative immune organs
- Secondary - peripheral immune organs |
|
What are the primary immune organs?
|
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus |
|
What are the secondary immune organs?
|
- Spleen
- Lymph Nodes - Tissue-Associated Lymphatic tissues |
|
What kind of immune organ is the bone marrow? What happens here?
|
- Primary Immune organ
- Site of all myeloid and lymphoid cell type development and B cell maturation |
|
What kind of immune organ is the thymus? What happens here?
|
- Primary Immune Organ
- Site of T lymphocyte maturation |
|
What are the types of immune cells?
|
- Myeloid
- Lymphoid |
|
What kind of immune cells are "myeloid"?
|
- Monocyte / Macrophages
- Granulocytes: PMN, eosinophil, basophil, mast cells - Dendritic cells |
|
What kind of immune cells are "lymphoid"?
|
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes - Natural Killer Cells |
|
Where do B lymphocytes develop? What is their function?
|
- Bone Marrow
- Mediate humoral immune response of adaptive immunity |
|
Where do T lymphocytes develop? What is their function?
|
- Thymus
- Mediate cell-mediated immune response of adaptive immunity |
|
What is the purpose of Natural Killer Cells?
|
Mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity
|
|
What type of cells are exclusive to the adaptive immune system?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
What type of cells are exclusive to the innate immune system?
|
Neutrophils
Granulocytes |
|
What type of cells are utilized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems?
|
- Dendritic Cells
- Macrophages - Natural Killer Cells |
|
What type of soluble proteins are exclusive to the adaptive immune system?
|
Antibodies
|
|
What type of soluble proteins are exclusive to the innate immune system?
|
- Alternative Complement proteins
- Antimicrobial peptides |
|
What type of soluble proteins are utilized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems?
|
- Classical complement proteins
- Cytokines |
|
What type of surface proteins are exclusive to the adaptive immune system?
|
- TCR
- CD3, CD4, CD8... - BCR - CD19, CD20 - CD21/CR2 |
|
What type of surface proteins are exclusive to the innate immune system?
|
- C3b, C5b
- PAMP - B7 |
|
What type of surface proteins are utilized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems?
|
- Natural Killer cell receptors
- MHC |