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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the following in human movement: bones
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provide anchorage for the muscles and act as levers to change the size or direction of forces generated my muscles
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What is the function of the following in human movement:ligaments
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connect bone to bone thus restricting movement at the joints and preventing dislocation
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What is the function of the following in human movement: muscles
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contract to provide the needed force for movement
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What is the function of the following in human movement: tendons
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connect the muscle to the bone
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What is the function of the following in human movement: nerves
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stimulate the muscles to contract at a precise time and extend so that movement is coordinated
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What is the function of the following structure in the human elbow joint: cartilage
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reduces friction between bones where they meet
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What is the function of the following structure in the human elbow joint: synovial fluid
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lubricates the joint to reduce friction
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What is the function of the following structure in the human elbow joint: joint capsule
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seals the joint and holds in synovial fluid
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Compare the movements of the hip joint and knee joint
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The knee is a hinge joint which allows considerable movement in one plane by bending (flexion) or straightening (extension). Little movement allowed in other directions. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint which allows motion in three planes (protraction/retraction, abduction/adduction, and rotation).
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Describe what the biceps and triceps muscles do when you flex your arm.
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The biceps contracts, causing your arm to flex. This is why the biceps is also called the flexor muscle. The triceps relaxes.
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Describe what the biceps and triceps muscles do when you extend (straighten) your arm.
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The triceps contracts, causing your arm to extend. This is why the triceps is also called the extensor muscle. The biceps relaxes.
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In the diagram of the arm on the muscles and movement handout, what is I?
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ulna
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In the diagram of the arm on the muscles and movement handout, what is II?
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radius
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In the diagram of the arm on the muscles and movement handout, what is III?
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biceps muscle
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In the diagram of the arm on the muscles and movement handout, what is IV?
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triceps muscle
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In the diagram of the arm on the muscles and movement handout, what is V?
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humerus
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In the close-up of a joint on the muscle handout, what is A?
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tendon
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In the close-up of a joint on the muscle handout, what is B?
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synovial fluid
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In the close-up of a joint on the muscle handout, what is C?
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joint capsule
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In the diagram of the sarcomeres on the muscle handout, which numbers point to the Z lines?
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IV, VII
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In the diagram of the sarcomeres on the muscle handout, which numbers point to the areas with actin only?
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I, V
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In the diagram of the sarcomeres on the muscle handout, which numbers point to the areas with myosin only?
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III
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In the diagram of the sarcomeres on the muscle handout, which numbers point to the areas with both actin and myosin ?
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II, VI
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In the diagram of the sarcomeres on the muscle handout, which numbers point to the dark bands ?
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II, VI
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In the diagram of the sarcomeres on the muscle handout, which numbers point to the light bands ?
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I, V
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Which electron micrographs on the muscle handout show a relaxed sarcomere?
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A (because the light band is wider than in the other diagram)
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Which electron micrographs on the muscle handout show a contracted sarcomere?
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B (because the dark band is wider, indicating more overlap of actin and myosin)
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In the drawing of the muscle fiber on the muscle handout, what is A?
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nerve
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In the drawing of the muscle fiber on the muscle handout, what is B?
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mitochondrion
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In the drawing of the muscle fiber on the muscle handout, what is C?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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In the drawing of the muscle fiber on the muscle handout, what is D?
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sarcomere
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In the drawing of the muscle fiber on the muscle handout, what is E?
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myofirbril
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In the drawing of the muscle fiber on the muscle handout, what is F?
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sarcolemma
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On the close-up of a muscle filament (muscle diagram), what is I?
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actin
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On the close-up of a muscle filament (muscle diagram), what is II?
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tropomyosin
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On the close-up of a muscle filament (muscle diagram), what is III?
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troponin
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What molecule in a muscle cell do calcium ions bind to? What does the binding of calcium cause to happen?
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troponin; troponin changes its shape (confomational change), which moves tropomyosin, which exposes the myosin-binding sites on the actin, which allows the actin and myosin molecules to slide past one another (see sliding filament model)
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Explain how the muscle cell contracts (the sliding filamnet model)
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Signal from nerve causes Ca2+ to be released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions binds to troponin, which undergoes a conformational change. This allows tropomyosin to undergo a conformational change and stop blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin. Nearby, myosin is bound to ATP. Next, the ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and a phosphate, both of which remain bonded to myosin. This causes the angle of the myosin head changes. The myosin head binds to the actin, forming a cross-bridge. Myosin then releases the ADP and phosphate, returning the head to its original conformation. As the myosin head changes its angle it is still attached to the actin filament, so the filaments slide relative to each other. This is called the power stroke. Myosin binds ATP again, causing it to let go of actin. The myosin head is now re-set. The cycle repeats as necessary to fully contract the sarcomere. (*level 3 objective)
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