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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the ________ substances involved. |
Chemical |
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How many bonds does carbon form? What type of bonds are they? |
Four; covalent |
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List the four of the carbon-based macromolecules that life is based on. |
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
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__________ is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. |
Metabolism |
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What is the synthesis of polymers called? |
Anabolism |
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What kinds of reactions synthesize polymers? |
Condensation reactions |
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What is the destruction/breaking down of polymers called? |
Catabolism |
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What type of reaction breaks down a polymer? |
Hydrolysis |
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What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates called? |
Monosaccharides; polysaccharides |
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What are the main functions of carbohydrates? |
Energy storage and structure |
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What are 3 examples of a lipid monomer? |
Fatty-acids, phosphates, glycerols |
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What is the main function of a lipid? |
Energy storage |
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What are the monomers and polymers of proteins called? |
Amino acids; polypeptides |
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List five examples of functions of proteins. |
Enzyme, structure, transportation, immunity, hormones |
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What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids? |
Nucleotides; DNA/RNA |
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What is the main function of nucleic acids? |
Giving instructions on how to make proteins |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Acetic acid |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Acetic acid |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Glucose |
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Carbons always have four bonds. If not all bonds are listed, assume all others are ________. |
Hydrogen |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Ribose |
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What are these diagrams of? |
Fatty-acids |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Amino Acid |
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What is vitalism? |
The theory that living things are governed by different principles than non-living things |
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Who disproved the theory of vitalism? How? |
Wöhler; urea is produced by living things, Wöhler made it in a lab from inorganic starting materials |
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True or false: water molecules are non-polar. |
False; water molecules are polar |
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What kinds of bonds form between water molecules (intermolecular bonds)? |
Hydrogen bonds |
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What kinds of bonds form inside the water molecules to connect two hydrogens to one oxygen (intramolecular bonds)? |
Polar covalent bonds |
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Water is ________, it sticks to itself as a direct result of hydrogen bonds. Application: _______ _______- it is difficult to break the surface of the water. |
Cohesive; surface tension |
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How does water's cohesive property benefit living things? |
Certain insects can travel on the surface of the water. |
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Water is ________- it can stick to other things. Application- _____________ ____ in plants. |
Adhesive; transpiration pull |
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Describe transpiration pull. |
Water is absorbed through the roots and pulled up through the plant as water evaporates out of the leaves. It sticks to tubes as it travels. |
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Water has a high ________ ____- it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water. |
Specific heat |
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How do water's thermal properties benefit humans? |
Evaporation is cooling mechanism. Sweat cools the organism as heat is absorbed into the sweat on the skin to turn it into water vapor. |
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True or false: polar substances absorb easily into water. |
True |
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List three substances that are polar and are easily absorbed into the blood to be transported within the body. |
Glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride |
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How is oxygen transported within the bloodstream? |
It is held by the protein hemoglobin inside a red blood cell. |
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How is cholesterol transported within the blood stream? |
Held in a protein-lipid complex called a lipoprotein |
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How are fatty acids transported with the blood stream? |
Short fatty acids dissolve, long fatty acids are coated by lipoproteins |
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True or false: Water has a higher specific heat, freezing point, and boiling point than methane. |
True |
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Which monosaccharide is the quickest source of energy and is used in cell respiration? |
Glucose |
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Which monosaccharide is part of the nucleotide building block for RNA? |
Ribose |
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List three examples of disaccharides. |
Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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_____-glucose: bonds go in the same direction to make a spiral or branches (used for energy storage in plants and animals ex. starch, glycogen) |
Alpha |
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____-glucose: bonds alternate to make a straight line (used for structure in plants ex. cellulose is the main component in cell walls) |
Beta |
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What are two types of starch? What are they used for? |
Amylose and amylopectin; energy storage |
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_______ is unbranched and totally helical while ___________ is branched. |
Amylose; amylopectin |
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True or false: a saturated fatty-acid is one that contains no C=C double bonds. |
True |
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True or false: a monounsaturated fatty-acid is one that contains one C=C double bonds. |
True |
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True or false: a polyunsaturated fatty-acid is one that contains more than one C=C double bonds. |
True |
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Describe cis fatty acids and trans fatty acid. |
Cis fatty acid: bonds on either side of the double bond go the same way Trans fatty acid: bonds on either side of the double bond go opposite ways |
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Why are trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids unhealthy? |
Because the molecules can layer on top of each other forming a solid. The molecules cannot be catabolized because it is too dense |
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Why can't cis fatty acids layer in the same way that trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids can? |
Because the "kinks" spread them out and as a result they are liquid at room temperature. |
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_____________ are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol. |
Triglycerides |
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True or false: carbs are easier to catabolize for energy than lipids but lipids store more energy per gram. |
True; as a result, lipids are better for long term and carbs are better for short term |
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There are ______ amino acids that form almost every protein on the planet |
twenty |
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Describe an amino acid that is not used in translation. |
GABA; a neurotransmitter made by modifying another amino acid. |
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The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by _____. |
Genes |
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A protein may consist of a ______ polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together. |
Single |
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The amino acid sequence determines the _____-___________ conformation of a protein. |
Three-dimensional |
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Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a ____ range of functions. |
Wide |
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Every individual has a unique ________ (the set of all proteins that an organism produces at a certain time). |
Proteome |
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Where are amino acids put together? |
In the ribosome |
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_______: an enzyme that captures carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. |
Rubisco |
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_______: a hormone that takes glucose out of the blood to be stored as glycogen. |
Insulin |
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_____________: antibodies. |
Immunoglobulins |
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_________: receptors in the eye that respond to light. |
Rhodopsin |
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________: used for structure in connective tissue (ligaments and tendons). |
Collagen |
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______ ____: used for making structures such as webs. |
Spider silk |
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What is denaturation? |
the irreversible change in the shape of a protein aka destruction of a protein |
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What causes denaturation? |
High temperatures; drastic pH changes (too acidic or too basic) |
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What is this a diagram of? |
Formation of a dipeptide bond |
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Enzymes have an ______ ____ to which specific _________ bind. |
Active site; substrates |
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True or false: Temperature, pH and substrate concentration do not affect the rate of activity of enzymes. |
False; Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes. |
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True or false: Enzymes can be denatured. |
True |
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What are three methods of producing lactose-free milk? |
Add lactase to the milk; take a lactase pill; run milk through immobilized lactase on alginate beads |
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What are three advantages of lactose-free milk? |
Lactose intolerant people can consume it; the monosaccharides of lactose are sweeter; smoother texture for ice cream |
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Enzymes are _________ (they make reactions happen faster). |
Catalysts |
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How do catalysts make reactions happen faster and at a lower temperature? |
By lowering the activation energy |
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What are the molecules that the enzyme makes react called? |
Substrates? |
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What is the part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into? |
The active site |
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True or false: enzymes are used up in a reaction. |
False; enzymes are not used up in a reaction |
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What is shown in this graph? |
Enzymes work at an optimum temperature. If the temperature is too low, the substrate(s) don't have enough energy to react. If the temperature is too high, the enzymes are denatured |
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What is shown in this graph? |
Enzymes work at an optimum pH. Increasing or decreasing the pH denatures the enzyme |
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What is shown in this graph? |
At a low substrate concentration, active sites have a hard time finding substrates. If there's more substrate than enzymes, all active sites are filled and more substrate will do nothing. The enzymes are saturated |
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_______ is a disaccharide that needs to be hydrolyzed into its two monomers by your digestive system by the enzyme lactase. |
Lactose |
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True or false: DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands present, the base composition and the type of pentose. |
True; DNA has two strands while RNA has one. DNA uses adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine while RNA uses adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. DNA uses deoxyribose while RNA uses ribose. |
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DNA is a double helix made of two ____________ strands of nucleotides. |
antiparallel |
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What does antiparallel mean? |
The left and right strands go in opposite directions |
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Nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonding between ___________ base pairs. |
Complementary |
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Which two scientists discovered the structure of DNA in 1953? And which method did they use? |
Watson and Crick; model-making |
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What do the circles in this diagram of DNA represent? |
Phosphate |
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What do the pentagons in the diagram of DNA represent? |
The ribose sugar |
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What do the rectangles labeled A,T,C and G represent in this diagram of DNA? |
Bases |
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What kinds of bonds form between the sugar and the phosphate of adjacent nucleotides? |
Covalent bonds |
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The replication of DNA is ____-___________ and depends on complementary base pairing. |
Semi-conservative |
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________ unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. |
Helicase |
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___ __________ links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template. |
DNA Polymerase |
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_____________ is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase. |
Transcription |
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___________ is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes. |
Translation |
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True or false: The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code. |
True |
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______ of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide. |
Codons |
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Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and __________ on ____. |
anticodons; tRNA |
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List a lab technique used to do DNA replication rapidly and describe how it works. |
PCR (Polymerase chain reaction); Using the DNA polymerase from the hot spring bacteria Taq, uses heat to split the DNA in lace of helicase |
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What is an example of the universality of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species? |
Production of human insulin in bacteria |
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What was the Meselson-Stahl experiment? |
1) They grew bacteria in heavy nitrogen 15N so all the DNA had two heavy strands 2) They fed the bacteria light nitrogen 14N and extracted their DNA after 1,2,3, etc. replications over the course of a couple experiments |
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Which experiment supported the semi-conservative model of DNA replication? |
The Meselson-Stahl experiment |
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What is this a diagram of? |
What Meselson and Stahl observed |
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What does semi-conservative DNA replication mean? |
Each DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand. |
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What is the enzyme that opens up the DNA and makes a complementary RNA strand to one of the DNA template strands? |
RNA polymerase |
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____ has the codons that determine which tRNA is supposed to bring in its amino acid |
mRNA |
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____ has two very important parts: an anti-codon that is complementary to a codon and an amino acid |
tRNA |
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Codons and anti-codons are always _____ nucleotides long. |
Three |
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Ribosomes have room for ___ tRNAs at a time. |
Two |