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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Statistical techniques appropriate for analyzing data when there is a single measurement of each element in the sample are called |
univariate techniques |
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Statistical techniques can be broadly classified as ________ or ________. |
univariate; multivariate |
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If there are too few respondents in the lowest income category, this category may be combined or merged with the next lowest category. This is known as ________. |
Recoding |
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Coding ________ questions is relatively simple since the response options are predetermined. |
structured |
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Discarding unsatisfactory responses from collected data may have merit in all of the following situations EXCEPT: |
when the unsatisfactory respondents differ from satisfactory respondents in obvious ways. |
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The thorough and extensive check for consistency and treatment of missing responses is called ________. |
data cleaning |
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Assigning missing values to unsatisfactory responses may be desirable in all of the following situations EXCEPT: |
All of the mentioned situations (A, B and C) qualify for the assignment of missing values when unsatisfactory responses are discovered on a questionnaire. |
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In coding an unstructured questions, categories are ________ if every response fits into one of the assigned category codes. |
collectively exhaustive |
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In coding a unstructured questions, category codes should be ________ and ________. |
collectively exhaustive; mutually exclusive |
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________ involves the transformation of data to create new variables or modify existing ones. |
Variable respecification |
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Treatment of missing responses poses problems, particularly if the proportion of missing responses is ________. |
more than 10 percent |
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A part of the data cleaning process that identifies data that are out of range or logically inconsistent, or that have extreme values, is called ________. |
consistency checks |
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Which of the following is NOT an option available for the treatment of missing responses? |
modify the questionnaire |
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________ consists of screening questionnaires to identify illegible, incomplete, inconsistent, or ambiguous responses. |
Editing |
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_______ is a method of handling missing values in which for each calculation or analysis, only the respondents with complete responses are considered. |
Pairwise deletion |
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According to the text, the data preparation process begins with ________. |
checking the questionnaires for completeness |
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Pairwise deletion may be appropriate when all of the following conditions are present EXCEPT: |
the sample size is small. |
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The assignment of a symbol to represent a specific response to a specific question, along with the data record and column position that symbol will occupy, is called ________. |
coding |
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The test of the null hypothesis is a ________ test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally. |
one-tailed |
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If the distribution is asymmetric, which measure of location is most appropriate if the data is in a nominal scale? If it is in an ordinal scale? If it is in an interval or ratio scale |
mode, median, mean |
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The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the ________. |
variance |
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Which of the following is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale? |
mean |
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The spread, the difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution, is called the ________. |
range |
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________ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true. |
Type I error |
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Chi-square analysis should NOT be conducted when the expected or theoretical frequency in any of the cells is less than ________. |
5 |
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he probability of making a type I error is called the ________. |
level of significance |
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A univariate hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the ________. |
z-test |
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The most common measures of variability are the ________ and ________. |
range; variance |
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Accepting the ________ will lead to changes in opinions or actions. |
alternative hypothesis |
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According to the text, which of the following represents the highest peak of the distribution? |
mode |
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A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the ________. |
test statistic |
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The value of the test statistic that divides the rejection and nonrejection regions is called the ________. |
critical value |
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The ________ is always the hypothesis that is tested, but can never be accepted based on a single test. |
null hypothesis |
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A statistical technique that describes two or more variables simultaneously and results in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables that have a limited number of categories or distinct values is called ________. |
cross-tabulation |
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A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a(n) ________. |
alternative hypothesis |
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The ________ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected. |
power of a test |
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A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable as to express these counts in percentage terms is called ________. |
frequency distribution |
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Which of the following is NOT a statistic that is associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution? |
maxima |
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The ________ of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order. |
median |
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The t statistic is calculated by assuming that all of the following exists EXCEPT: |
the sample size is large |
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The null hypothesis of equal means for more than two samples is tested by a(n) ________, which is the ratio of the mean square related to the independent variable to the mean square related to error. |
f statistic |
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The critical values for a two-tailed z-test, given a significance level of 0.05, would be ________. |
-1.96 and 1.96 |
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Which would be the appropriate way to test differences in proportions for more than two samples? |
cross-tabulation procedure to conduct a chi-square test |
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In one-way ANOVA, separation of the variation observed in the dependent variable into the variation due to the independent variables plus the variation due to error is called ________. |
decomposition of the total variation |
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A frequency distribution that depends on two sets of degrees of freedom is called a(n) ________. |
F distribution |
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________ in ANOVA indicates that some differences exist between some of the treatment groups. |
Significance of the overall effect |
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Procedures for examining differences between more than two means are called ________. |
analysis of variance |
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A ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution. |
z-test |
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________ tests provide inferences for making statements about the means of parent populations. |
Parametric |
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________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale. |
Parametric tests |
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A univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution, which is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small, is called the ________. |
t-test |
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The categorical independent variables used in an analysis of variance are called ________. |
factors |
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In the case of conducting the t-test on the means of two samples of observations, the samples can be ________ or ________. |
independent; paired |
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An ANOVA technique in which there is only one factor is called ________. |
one-way analysis of variance |
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If the probability of F is greater than the significance level α, ________ and ________ should be used. |
H0 is not rejected; t based on "equal variances assumed" |
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Independent variables must be all ________ to use an ANOVA. |
nonmetric |
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In its simplest form, ANOVA must have a(n) ________ that is metric. |
dependent variable |
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A(n) ________ of sample variance may be performed if it is not known whether the two populations have equal variance. |
F-test |
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Examples of hypotheses related to paired samples include all of the following EXCEPT: |
The new service plan will be preferred by at least 70 percent of the customers. |
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In many marketing research applications, the observations for two groups are not selected from independent samples. Rather, the observations relate to ________ in that the two sets of observations relate to the same respondents. |
paired samples |
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Which statement is not true concerning the t distribution? |
The t distributions are skewed to the left. |
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a statement that is about a single variable against a known or given standard? |
The proportion of households with an Internet connection in the United States exceeds the proportion of those in Germany. |
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The critical value for a one-tailed z-test, given a significance level of 0.05, would be ________. |
either -1.645 or 1.645 |