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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Innate (non-specific) Defense System
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The 'foot soldiers' always prepared, responds within minutes to all foreign substances.
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Immune System has two intrinsic subsystems...
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Innate (nonspecific) defencse system
Adaptive (specific) defense system |
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Innate has two subdefense mechanisms
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**Each are present and FULLY functional at birth:
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: - Surface barriers: Skin, Mucosae SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE - Internal Defenses: Phagocytes, NK cells, Inflammation (MOST IMPORTANT), Anti-Microbial Proteins, Fever EACH inhibits the spread of invaders |
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Adaptive Defense System (THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE)
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- Take longer to attack
-Are deeply intertwined with innate defenses. |
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Innate:
There are 5 "Internal" defense mechanisms |
- Phagocytes
- Fever -Inflammation -Antimicrobial Proteins - NK cells |
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Skin and mucosae, and their secretions are a barrier to
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a PHYSICAL barrier to most MICRO-ORGANISMS
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KERATIN is resistant to:
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Toxins
weak acids and bases bacterial enzymes |
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MUCOSAE provides...
name 2 |
- similar mechanical barriers
- lines all the body caities open to exterior, ie mouth |
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Protective Chemicals that inhibit or destroy microbes...
name 5 |
-Skin acidity has a pH of 3-5 and inhibits bacterial growth
-Lipids in sebum and dermcidin in sweat are toxic to bacteria -Vaginal secretions and urine are very acidic - HCL and protein-digestingenzymes of stomach mucosae (both kill micro-organisms) -Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid (antimicrobial) |
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HYPER-EMIA
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"Congestion w/ blood' accounting for redness, hear of an inflamed rregion.
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EXUDATE
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Fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies...seeps from the blood into the tissue spaces. EXUDATE causes the local swelling, also called edema which presses on adjacent nerve endings, contributing to a sensation of pain.
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The process where Phagocytes are mobilized to an injured area include 4 steps...
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1. Leukocytosis -
2. Margination 3. Diapedesis 4. Chemotaxis |
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Internal Defenses: CELLS AND CHEMICALS
remember:F-P.A.I.N |
-Fever
-Phagocytes -Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins) -Inflammatory Response (mast cells>release histamine, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals) - NK 'Natural Killer cells |
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Free macrophages wander through tissue spaces - give example
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Alveolar macrophages
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Fixed Macrophages are permanent residents of some organs - give example
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- Kupffer cells in liver
- microglia in brain |
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APOPTOSIS
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Used by NK cells - means "Cell Suicide" for cancer and virus cells
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Imflammatory Response includes...
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heat, redness, swelling, pain, impairment of function
- causes discomfort but beneficial -Confines and disposes of cell debris and pathogens -Sets the stage for repair |
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Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals F'PAIN
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- Fever
- Phagocytes - Antimicrobial proteins (interferons) - Inflammation response (macrphages, WBC, Mast cells, Inflammatory chemicals) - NK cells, 'Natural Killers' |
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Free Macrophages wander through tissues, give example
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Alveolar Macrophages
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Fixed amacrophages are permanent residents of some organs, name examples
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Kupffer cells in liver and microglia in brain
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Adaptive Immune - PASA
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-Protects
-Activates -Stalks -Amplifies Inflammatory |
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ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE SSM
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SPECIFIC
SYSTEMIC MEMORY |
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COMPLETE Antigens
must have 2 characteristics |
Immunogenic - Ability to provoke an immune response
Reactive - ability to react with products of lyphocytes, and antibodies |
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Haptens INCOMPLETE Antigen characteristics 4
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- Small molecules
-NOT immunogenic -Are Immunogenic when attached to body proteins -Cause immune system to mount a harmful attack EXAMPLES: Poison IVY, animal dander, detergents, etc. |
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Immunogenic
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Ability to initiate an immune response
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Antigenic Determinants are
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- parts of an antigen that are immunogenic
- antibodies and lyymphocyte receptors bind to them. |
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T or F
Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic dterminants that mobilize several different lymphocyte populations AND from different kinds of antibodies against it. |
- TRUE
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MHC
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Major Histocompatibility complex - the basis of graft and transfusion rejection by recipients
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Cells of the adaptive immune system:
2 Types of lymphocytes... |
- B lymphocytes - HUMORAL immunity "Be Humorous :-)"
- T lymphocytes - T cells are CELL MEDIATED |
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SELF Reactive B Cells undergo 3 possible fates...
** Remember AIR |
- Apoptisis
- Inactivated (if escape marrow) - Receptor Editing |
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Antigen Presenting Cells
APCs - 2 characteristics - 3 major types |
1 Engulf Antigens
2. Present fragments to T cells MAJOR TYPES: 1. Dendritic cells in connective tissues and epidermis 2. Macrophages in connective tissue and lymphoid organs 3. B CELLS |
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WBC (leaukocytes)
Memory helper: "Only 2 job (cytes) but 3 workers named (phil)." |
2 Cytes
- LYPHOCYTE -MONOCYTE 3 Phils - Neutrophil - Eosinophil -Basophil To remember the order from most numerous to the least: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" |
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MACROPHAGES are known as "True ......"
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True Killers
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Adaptive Immunity Summary:
"Uses what 3 helpers to identify and destroy nonself substances" |
-Lyphocytes
-APCs -Specific molecules, Adaptive immunity is SPECIFIC **Depends on its cells to a. communicate with one another b. recognize antigens by binding to them |
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Humoral Response
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Antibodies are produced against the challenger -
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'Stimulated' B cells produce clones bearing the same anitgen specific receptors...T/F
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TRUE
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T-Cells are usually NOT required to help B cells achieve full activation...T/F
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FALSE
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Most B clone cells become _______ cells and secrete specific antibodies at a rate of _______ per min up to 4/5 days.
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- Plasma
-2000 **Clone cells that do NOT become plasma cells, become MEMORY CELLS and can mount an immediate attack on future attacks of the SAME antigen...even years later! |
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Immunological Memory:
-Primary Response characteristics, name 4 |
- First Exposure
-Lag, 3 to 6 days -Peak 10 days -Antibody levels decline |
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IgG
IgA IgM |
- IgG, Most abundant in primary, secondary response, crosses placenta
- IgA, Helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces found in body secretions, saliva, sweat, intestinal juices -IgM released by plasma cells during the primary immune response |
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Classes of Immunoglobulin Antibodies:
IgD IgE |
- IgD attached to the surface of B cell acts as antigen receptor, important in B cell activation
-IgE, Causing histamine to be released found mainly in tonsils skin and mucus. *Tonsils release histomine |