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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the function of an immune system?
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Distinguish self from non-self
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What are 3 chemical barriers and 2 physical barriers to infection?
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Chemical
1. Lysozyme - in secretion, split cell wall of gram positive bacteria 2. Spermine - in semen, prevents growth of gram positive bacteria 3. acid pH of stomach - prevents colonization of bacteria Physical Barriers 1. skin 2. mucosal lining |
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Fill in the Cytokines.
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Innate Immunity
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- First line of defense
- very fast - Not very specific (recognize classes) - Principle Cells - Phagocytes, macrophages, neutrophils - Soluble Molecules - Cytokines, Chemokines |
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What are the principle cells of the innate immune system?
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Phagocytes, macrophages, neutrophils
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Adaptive Immunity
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- Cells = lymphocytes. need to be matured or trained to recognize & kill antigens
- slower. needs to be trained. - evolves with exposure - Specific. - limited to recognition repertoire from epitome of antigen - memory cells. will respond faster the next time around. - Soluble molecules - Antibodies, Cytokines, Chemokines |
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Tolerance
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The ability to distinguish self from non-self.
Central - in T cells (thymus) and B cells (bone marrow) Peripheral - everywhere else |
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What occurs if there is a loss of tolerance?
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Autoimmunity
- "self" antigens are recognized as foreign |
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What is considered Primary Immune Tissue?
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Bone Marrow and Thymus. This is where B cells and T cells are produced and developed.
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What is considered secondary immune tissue?
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- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils and Adenoids - Spleen - Mucosal Associated Lymph Tissue (MALT) |
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What does GM-CSF stand for?
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G - Granulocyte
M - Monocyte CSF - Colony Stimulating Growth Factors |
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Bursa of Fabricius
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the first place B cells were discovered. (in a chicken).
- Bone marrow was first referred to as 'bursa equivalent' |
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tolerance induction
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screening process in which potentially autoreactive cells are deleted or inactivated (anergized)
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Epitope
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Portion of antigen that interacts with receptors on cells of the
immune system (recognize) AKA Antigenic determinate or Determinant |
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Where is the site of primary immune responses?
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Secondary lymphoid tissue
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Describe Mucosal Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
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Definition diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue
-unencapsulated. (Diffuse) - found in gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. - populated by T cells & B cells, plasma cells and macrophages Different Types: GALT - Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue - Peyers Patches BALT - Bronchus |
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Primary Follicle
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- contain mostly mature resting B cells
- no germinal centers - Located in outer cortex of lymph nodes |
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Secondary follicles
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- contain germinal centers
- antigen activated B cells - Located in outer cortex of lymph nodes |
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What is contained in the medulla of lymph nodes?
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macrophages
dendritic cells plasma cells |
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Whats is contained in the outer cortex of the lymph nodes?
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primary and secondary follicles
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What are plasma cells and where are they located?
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Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that secrete antibodies
- located in medulla of lymph nodes and secrete antibodies into circulation |
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White pulp of the spleen
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- functions as secondary lymphoid tissue
-contains majority of lymphoid tissue (T-cells, B-cells) - function: to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood - in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath |
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Where are the T Cells found in the spleen? Where are the B cells found?
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T-Cells - Periarterial Lymphatic Sheath (PALS)
B-Cells - outgrowths out of PALS |
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What are the 2 functions of the lymph nodes:
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- phagocytic cells act as filters for particulate matter and micro-organisms
- antigen is presented to the immune system |
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Red pulp of the Spleen
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Filters damaged or old blood out of circulation
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Peyer's Patches
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aggregates of follicles in GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
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M cells
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- sample antigen from the lumen and deliver it to the lymphoid tissue.
(bring antigen to immune system so it can learn how to kill pathogen) - found in Follicle Associated Epithelium - very few lysozymes (phagocytosis not its role) |
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Follicle Associated Epithelium
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- M Cells found here
- In Peyer's Patches, where there is no mucus layer or goblet cells |
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Cytokines
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- small peptides secreted by active leukocytes
- Pleiotropic and redundant - can mediate numerous seemingly unrelated effects |
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Chemokines
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Chemoattractant -
attract cells to particular region |
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Antibodies
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- aka Immunoglobulins (Igs)
- polypeptide chains define the antigen binding site and its isotype - expressed on surface of B cells - when stimulated, secrete plasma cells. secreted cells are effector molecules for functioning innate or adaptive immune response |
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Complement
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family of proteins that facilitate elimination of microorganisms (esp. extracellular bacteria)
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What 3 general classes of molecules activate lymphocytes?
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1. monoclonal activators - activate single clone
2. polyclonal activator - activate most or all clones 3. activate more than one clone but not all clone. |
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Antigen
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- recognized by lymphocytes and elicit immune response
(aka immunogen) |
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What factors make an antigen potent?
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1. Complexity
2. High molecular weight (> 5kd 3. Foreignness Complexity hierarchy - proteins - polysaccharides - nucleic acid and lipids |
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T-independent antigens
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- polysaccharides
- activates B cells. - T cells don't recognize them |
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Carrier Effect
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Hapten - (small molecules) can bind to large proteins and become immunogenic.
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What does spermine (in semen) do?
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prevents growth gram + bacteria
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When does clonal expansion occcur?
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during primary response
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APCs display antigen on what receptors?
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class II MHC
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Name the 3 types of phagocytes?
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monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil
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Name 3 antigen presenting cells?
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dendritic, macrophage, B cell
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When do NK cells become LAK cells?
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In presense of high concentrations of IL-2
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Where are mast cells found? Basophils?
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Mast Cells - gut, lung, around vessels Basophils - Everywhere
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Plasma cells are differentiated from what type of cells?
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B cells
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What soluble mediators induce hematopoiesis
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C-kit ligand, IL-3, IL-7, CSF
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What is a primary immune tissue?
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Lymphocyte Development Site
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What is a secondary immune tissue?
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Lymphocyte Activation Site
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Whats happens at the thymus
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T-cell maturation.
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Where is blood thymus barrier found?
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Between Brain and cortex
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If you are exposed to an antigen via blood, what is the site of initial immune response?
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Spleen
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If you are exposed to an antigen via lymphatics, what is the site of initial immune response?
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Lymph nodes
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If you ate an antigen, where is the site of initial immune response?
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mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
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Which is the only lymphatic tissue that has afferent lymphatics?
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Lymph nodes into subcapsular sinuses
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What cells are in the Medulla of a lymph node?
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Macrophages, dendritic cells, and (plasma cells secrete antibodies into blood)
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How do lymph nodes clear antigen from blood?
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Lymph perculates through medulla where phagocytes “eat” them
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Which system has periarterial lymphatic sheaths?
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Spleen
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What cells are found in the marginal zone of the spleen?
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Dendritic and macrophages
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Function of M Cell
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Transport antigen from lumen to basolateral surface (not phagocytosis since no lysosomes)
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What are those regions in gut where mucus is absent called?
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Follicle associated epithelium (FAE)
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What is a complex antigen?
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Antigen with more than one epitope
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What is more immunogenic proteins, carbs, lipids or nucleic acids?
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Proteins > carbs > the other 2
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Why are T independent associated bacteria hard to destroy?
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No isotype switching, only IgM
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