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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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infant growth and development |
-rapid growth rate -weight doubles by 4-6 months of age -weight triples by 1 year -weight doubles again between 1 and 5 years -length increases 50% by the end of the 1st year -nutrients needed to support proper growth |
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in developing countries |
-often stunted growth, smaller in size -low weight for height: sign of acute malnutrition -low height for age: sign of chronic malnutrition |
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growth charts |
-height and weight correspond to a percentile -50th percentile is considered average |
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brain growth |
fastest in infancy; head circumference |
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failure to thrive |
-physical problems: cleft palate, poor oral cavity development, infections, heart problems (valve defect, hold between chambers), diarrhea, intestinal problems -can also be due to poor parent-infant interaction -diet restriction is not recommended for infants, even those with high BMI -infants are dependent on others for nutrition |
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infant's nutritional needs |
-human milk or formula for first year -supplemented with solid food at 6 month of age -high E, protein, and fat needs (all can be met with human milk or formula) -vitamin K injection given at birth -vitamin D and B12 if mom is vegan |
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calorie needs for 0-3 months |
(89xkg) +75 |
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calorie needs for 4-6 months |
(89xkg)+44
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calorie needs for 7-12 months |
(89xkg)-78 |
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protein needs for infants |
-target: 1.5g/kg -half should be from essential amino acids (for adults, only 25% need to be essential amino acids) -breast milk or formula is ideal -cows milk has excess N and minerals for newborn (kidneys cant handle) |
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fat needs for infants |
-30g/day -essential fatty acids shoyld make up 15% of total fat intake (5g/day) -E dense and needed for nervous system and membrane development -N-6 and N-3 requirement (cold water fish provide the long chain n3 fatty acids in mothers diet; now added to formulas |
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vitamin needs for infants |
-injection of vitamin k -vitamin D requirements -vitamin B12 for vegan moms |
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mineral needs for infants |
-iron store depleted by 4-6 months of age -iron -fortified formula for bottle fed infants; possible iron supplementation for breastfed infants; introduction of iron-fortified solid foods at 6 months -zinc and iodide provided by formula and human milk -fluoride supplement after 6 months of age for tooth development |
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formula feeding |
-formula is considered an adequate nutritional replacement for breast milk -cows milk is not tolerated by infants -formulas must follow strict guidelines -cow milk base usually contain lactose/sucrose, casein, whey and veggie oils -soy base contains soy protein (for babies allergic to cow's milk) -fortified with vitamins and minerals (except fluoride) |
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formula preparation |
-monitor safety and cleanliness -should not microwave (hot spots develop, risk of scalding baby) -boil cold water (hot tap not recommended due to risk of lead (particularly in older home and communities) |
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feeding technique |
-split up is normal -place babies on their backs after feeding ("back to sleep" info camptaign since 1994; SIDS -flat-head syndrome -monitor for signs of satiety -feeding should last about 20 minutes -burp every 10 minutes to release air |
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feeding skills by 6-7 months |
grasp and transfer object
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feeding skills by 8-10 months |
hold bottle, play with food |
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feeding skills by 10-12 months |
self-feeding and drink form a cup |
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readiness for solid food |
-nutritional needs (especially iron) -physiological capabilities (maturation of pancreas that will allow baby to digest starch) -physical ability (extrusion reflex makes it difficult to take solid food; ability to hold head up, sit up, physically upright) -allergy prevention (baby's guy is relatively open, eating foods too early can cause allergic responses -age 6 months (13lbs) drinking more than 32oz of formula daily |
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first foods |
-iron-fortified cereals-rice cerals -introduce one food at a time (wait a week before introducing a new food) -strained foods and meats (iron) -introduce veggies before fruit -offer juice in a sippy cup and limit amounts (no more than 2oz per feeding, 6 oz per day -no cows milk until 1 year of age |
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feeding solids |
use baby-sized spoon; hold infant comfortably; small dab of food on the tip of tongue; calm approach; only a few bites at first |
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what not to feed an infand |
-allergenic foods (eggs, nuts, peanuts) -honey or corn syrup (has clostridium botulinum) -highly seasoned foods -excessive formula or breast milk -choking potential foods -cows milk -excessive apple or pear juice |
