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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Otitis externa pathogens
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Bacteria: Staphylococcus intermedius
Pseudomonas species Protesu species E. coli Klebsiella species Malassezia yeast |
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Otitis externa species
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dogs and cats
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Otitis externa clinical presentation
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thick firm less pliable ear canals with proliferative changes
erythema edema exudate (dark brown, yellow) |
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Chronic otitis externa clinical presentation
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hyperplasia lichenification, hyperpgimentation.
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Otitis externa DDX
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Otitis externa
Foreign body Tumor Idiopathic vestibular disease Hypersensitivities - atopic dermatitis, food allergy |
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Primary causes of otitis externa
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parasites - otodectes cynotis
Demodex mites Foreign bodies hypersensitiviyt neoplasia or polymps keratinization disorders - seborrhea Endocrine disorder |
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otitis externa predisposing factors
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conformation (stenotic canals, hair in canals, penduous pinnae
excessive moisture treatment effects - irritant systemic disease |
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otitis externa perpetuating factors
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Bacteria
malassizia Progressive pathological changes otitis media |
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Otitis externa transmission
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combination of predisposing factors that allow for the natural flora to explode in population
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Otitis externa diagnosis
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microscopy for otodectes or demodex
cytology for bacteria or yeast |
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Ovine interdigital dermatitis pathogen
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
( sheep fuzzy - fuso) |
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Fusobacterium characteristics
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Gram negative rod
Obligate anaerobe Non-spore forming Virulence factors Lives in mucus membranes and GI tract and in nature |
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Fusobacterium virulence factors
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LPS - endotoxin
Cytotoxin - leukotoxin |
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Ovine interdigitial dermatitis clinical presentation
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interdigital dermatitis
under running of the hoof. lameness |
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Ovine interdigitial dermatitis DDX
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Trauma
Foreign body Caustic burn Bacterial: clostridial myositis, foot rot Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease |
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Ovine interdigitital dermatitis
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Fusobacterium necrophorum - ubiquitous
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Ovine transmission
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occurs when there has been heavy rainfall for several weeks and temps above 50 degrees
Transmitted via soil contact. |
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Ovine interdigital dermititis organs involved
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Skin in between toes, not the hoof
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Ovine interdigital dermatitis diagnosis
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Clinical signs
culture - interpretation difficult |
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Ovine interdigital dermatits prevention
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Practice good foot health and hygiene
Foot baths Segregate infected animals, quarantine animals coming into the herd Avoidance - clean trailers Vaccinate - may not be effective Drain pastures Rest pastures after outbreak |
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Is ovine interdigital dermatitis zoonotic
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YES
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Contagious Ovine digital dermatitis pathogen
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Dichelobacter nodosus
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Dichelobacter nodosus characteristics
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Gram negative
Obligate anaerobe Non-spore forming Virulence factors |
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Dichelobacter nodosus virulence factors
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adhesin fimbriae
exotoxin LPS - endotoxin |
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Dichelobacter nodosus species
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sheep
|
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Dichelobacter nodosus clinical presentation
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Moist red, interdigital area
invasion of hoof sole undermining and separation of hard horn expecially in the rear Foul smelling |
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Dichelobacter nodosus DDX
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Trauma
Foreign body Caustic Burn Bacterial - clostridial myositis, foot rot, viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease |
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Contagious ovine digital dermatitis source
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Dichelobacter nodosus only in infected animals
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Contagious ovine digital dermatitis transmission
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Disruption of normal skin
Colonization by D. nodosus from subclinical to acutely/chronically infected sheep |
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Contagious ovine digital dermatitis organ/system affected
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Interdigital skin
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Contagious ovine digital dermatitis diagnosis procedures
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Clinical signs
Culture |
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Contagious ovine digital dermatitis
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Practice good foot heath and hygeine
Foot baths Segregate infected animals, quarantine animals coming into the herd Avoidance Vaccinate Keep pastures drained and dry |
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Contagious ovine digital dermatitis zoonosis
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YES
|
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Strawberry Footrot Pathogen
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Dermatophilus congolensis
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Dermatophilus congolensis characteristics
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Gram positive rod or filamentous
Aerobic |
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Strawberry foot rot affects what species
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Sheep
|
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Strawberry foot rot clinical presentation
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Moist red interdigital area
invasion of hoof sole Undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the rear Foul smelling |
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Strawberry Footrot DDX
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Trauma
Foreign body Caustic Burn Bacterial: clostridial myositis, foot rot Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease |
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Strawberry Foot rot Source
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Dermatophilus congolensis is an obligate pathogen that lives on the skin of animals. Only found in infected animals
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Strawberry Foot rot Transmission
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infected animals can transmit the bacteria through the soil
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Strawberry Foot rot organs
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interdigital skin
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Strawberry foot rot diagnosis, procedure, and interpretations
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Clinical signs
Cultures Use scabs or crusts to culture |
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Stawberry foot rot prevention and husbandry
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Practice good foot health
Foot baths Segregate infected animals quarantine animals coming into the herd Avoidance- clean trailer Vaccinate Keep pastures drained and dry |
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Is Stawberry foot rot zoonotic
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Yes
|
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Interdigital dermatitis pathogen
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Dichelobacter nodosus
|
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Interdigital dermatitis species
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Cows - D, Sheep fuzzy - F
|
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Interdigital dermatitis clinical presentation
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Moist, red interdigital area
Swelling on the dorsal aspect of the interdigital space Swelling around the coronary ban invasion of hoof sole undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the reas |
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Interdigital dermatitis DDX
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Trauma
Foreign Body Caustic Burn Bacterial: Clostridial myositis, Foot rot Viral: Blue tongue, foot and mouth disease mucosal disease Vesicular stomatitis |
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Interdigital dermatitis source
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Obligate pathogen of clinically affected or chronic carrier feet
|
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Interdigital dermatitis organs
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interdigitial skin
|
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Interdigital dermatitis diagnosis procedure and interpretations
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Clinical signs
culture (however interpretation difficult) |
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Interdigital dermatitis prevention and husbandry
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Practice good foot health
Foot baths Segregate infected animals, quarantine new animals avoidance - clean trailer vaccinate +/- drain pastures rest infected pastures |
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Is interdigital dermatitis zoonotic
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Yes
|
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Bovine footrot pathogen
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Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella melaninogenica
Arcanobacterium pyogenes (+/-) |
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Bovine footrot species
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cattle
|
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Bovine footrot clinical presentation
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Moist, red interdigital area
Invasion of hoof sole Undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the rear Foul smelling |
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Bovine footrot DDX
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Trauma
Foreign body Caustic Burn Bacterial: clostridial myositis Footrot Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease, Vesicular stomatitis, Mucosal disease |
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Bovine footrot source
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Fusobacterium necrophorum normally on mucus membrane in the oral cavity, and GI tract. Found ubiquitously in environment
|
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Bovine footrot Transmission
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infected animals can transmit the bacteria through the soil
|
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Bovine footrot organs
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interdigital skin
|
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Bovine footrot diagnosis procedure and interpretations
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Clinical signs
Culture |
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Bovine footrot prevention and husbandry
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Practice good foot health and hygiene
Footbaths Segregate infected animals, quarantine animals coming into the herd Avoidance - clean trailers Vaccinate Drain and rest pastures |
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Is Bovine footrot Zoonotic
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Yes
F. necrophorum causes thrush in horses |
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Digital dermatitis of cattle is also called
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Papillomatous digital dermatitis, hairy heel warts
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Digital dermatitis of cattle pathogen
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
Prevotella melaninogenica Spirochetes |
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Digital dermatitis of cattle clinical presentation
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Severe pain and lameness
Moist, red, interdigital area invasion of hoof sole undermining and separation of hard horn especially in the rear Foul smelling |
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Digital dermatitis of cattle DDX
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Trauma, foreign body, caustic burn
Bacterial: Clostridial myositis, Foot rot Viral: Blue tongue, Foot and mouth disease, mucosal disease |
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Digital dermatitis of cattle source
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Fusobacterium necrophorum naturally lives on mucus membranes in oral cavity and GI tract, found ubiquitously in the environment
Also found in liver abscesses, necrotic laryngitis of calves, necrobacillosis, necrotic rhinitis, and stomatitis in swine |
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Digital dermatitis of cattle transmission
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disruption of normal skin, colonization of the wound and then development of anaerobic conditions
infected animals can transmit the bacteria through the soil disruption of the normal skin, colonization of the wound and development of anaerobic conditions |
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Digital dermatitis of cattle diagnosis procedure and interpretations
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Clinical signs
culture +/- |
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Is digital dermatitis of cattle zoonotic?
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yes
F. necrophorum causes thrush in horses. |
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Pigeon Fever
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis characteristics
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Gm positive rod
|
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis species
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Equine
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis clinical presentation
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swellings in pectoral ventral, and groin
Edema Fever Malaise Abscesses in external lymph nodes, lungs, liver |
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Corynebacterium peudotuberculosis ddx
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lymphoma or other neoplasia
Streptococcus equi equi Purpura hemorrhagica |
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis source
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Ubiquitous in the environment (soil)
|
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C. pseudotuberculosis transmission
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cutaneous defects allow breach in defenses and entry of the organism.
Flies infected pus |
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C. pseudotuberculosis organs
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lymph nodes
lungs liver |
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C. pseudotuberculosis diagnosis procedure
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clinical signs/history
ultrasound SHIT - synergistic hemolysin inhibition test, >512 - internal infection |
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C. pseudotuberculosis prevention and husbandry
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Separate infected horses from no infected horses or remove the pus and disinfect
manure removal insect control |
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Is C pseudotuberculosis zoonotic
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yes
causes Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, bovine, and equine |
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Equine encephalomyelitis pathogen
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Virus
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EEE species
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horses
humans |
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EEE clinical presentation
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neurological signs
|
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EEE ddx
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Toxin: OP, Lead, Monensin
Mycotoxin - Leukoencephalomalacia: fusarium moniliforme - fumonosin B1 Bacterial toxins: clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani WEE, VEE, WNV, Rabies, EHV -1, EPM |
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EEE source
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birds
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EEE transmission
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EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV all transmitted via mosquitos
EPM - possum feces |
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Horses and humans are dead end hosts for
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WEE, EEE, WNV
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Peak transmission of WNV occurs
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during mosquito season
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EEE IgM capture ELISA test characteristic
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Detects acute infection
After 2 months infected animals will be IgM negative Vaccinated animals WILL NOT test positive |
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EEE IgG capture ELISA test characteristics
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Detects infection from approximately 2 weeks post infection and remains positive for 1 - 2 years
Vaccinated animals will test positive |
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Vaccination against EEE would have what result on the IgM and Ig G
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IgM - would not test positive
IgG would test positive |
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EE additional test
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EPM immunoblot assays, and serum indirect fluorescent antibody test
Histopath immunofluorescence - post mortem |
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EEE prevention and husbandry
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mosquito control and vaccination of horses
Vaccinate twice a year because mosquitos year round |
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EE's zoonotic?
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Yes,
|
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Cystitis and pylenephritis pathogen
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Corynebacterium renale
also E coli and A pyogenes |
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Corynebacterium renale characteristics
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Gram positive rod
piliated non-motile |
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Cystitis Clinical presentation
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dysuria: painful or difficulty urinating, straining
Pollakiuria: more frequent voiding of small amount +/- hematuria +/- pyuria distended atonic bladder on palpation with firm thick walls UA:blood, protein and variable pH No generalized signs, no fever |
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Pyelonephritis clinical presentation
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dysuria
pollakiuria stranguria, painful urging to urinate, spastic dysuria tail swishing, treading on hindlimbs, scalding of the perineum distended atonic bladder with firm thick walls dilation of the ureter and enlargement of the kidney red brown urine, pyuria, hematuria low specific gravity Presence of C. renale, E. coli, A.pyogenes Generalized signs, fever, worse than cystitis |
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Cystitis/pyelo predisposing factors
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within 8 weeks of calving
after dystocias, retained placenta, vaginal injury calves with suppurative omphalitis, urachal abscess, and umbilical abscess. females more than males because of distance from the vagina to bladder is shorter |
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Pyelonephritis is an
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ascending cystitis
|
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Pyeloneprhitis DDX
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vaginitis/metritis
vulvar trauma perivaginal abscesses urolithiasis pyelonephritis cystitis enzootic hematuria from bracken fern ingestion |
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cystitis pyelo source
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C. renale is normal flora of the lower urogenital tract and is ubiquitous in the environment
|
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Cystitis/pyelo transmission
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disruption of normal host defenses allows virulent bacteria to proliferate
|
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Cystitis host defenses
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Urine flow - complete emptying of bladder,
Urine properties - high Osm, constituents - urea ammonium |
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cystitis/pyelo organs
|
bladder and kidney
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cystitis/pyelo diagnosis
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Urine collection
Ultrasound culture and sensitivity |
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cystitis prevention and husbandry
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avoid predisposing factors
|
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Cystitis and pyeloneprhitis in dog pathogens
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E coli
Proteus Klebsiella Pseudomonas S. pseudintermedius Enterococcus spp Streptococcus |
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Cystitis in the dog clinical presentation
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Dysuria, stranguria
hematuria anorexia pain on palpation of the bladder prostate slightly enlarged and painful bacteriuria |
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Cystitis in the dog DDX
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cystitis
pyelonephritis prostatitis |
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Cystitis in the dog source
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Normal flora of the distal urogenital tract as well as ubiquitous in the environment
|
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Cystitis in dog transmission
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disruption of normal host defenses
|
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Cystitis in dog predisposing factors
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calculi
neoplasia immunosuppressive drugs bladder catheterization |
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Cystitis in dog diagnosis procedure
|
physical and history
hematology and blood chemistry UA Specific gravity +/- kidney involvement |
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WBC in urine means
|
inflammation
|
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Culture and sensitivity
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usually 70 % of a single organism indicates that it is the possible cause
depending on collection method contamination is possible |
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in a midstream voided sample what are contamination/infection levels
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, 10 ^5 is contamination
in cats > 10 ^5 |
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With a catheterized sample what are the contamination and infection levels
|
< 10^3 - contamination
Male dogs > 10 ^ 4 |
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Cystocentesis contamination/infection levels
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< 10 ^ 3 - contamination
> 10 ^ 3 - infecction |