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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Benefits of Intercultural Communication
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Healthier communities
increased commerce reduced conflict personal growth through tolerance |
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Definition and nature of communication
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There is not one.
The book compiles 8 of them |
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8 definitions of communication
(process) |
Anything ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous. It does not have a begining or end. always developing, never still or motionless. communication is irreversable
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8 definitions of communication
(Dynamic) |
active or forceful. to fully appreciate the process one must be a part of or witnessed it in motion. communication is flexible adaptive, and fluid. impossible to identically replicate in a picture drawing or model
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8 definitions of communication
(interactive-transactive) |
because it occurs between 2 poepl
active participation of 2 peps sending and recieveing messages. transactional means that when one person is sending a message the other is simultaneously sending a message back |
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8 definitions of communication
(symbolic) |
a symbol selected and learned an represents something else.
symbols (words) have no natural relationship and are learned. Ex. verbal symbol CAT have no natural connection with cute, fuzzy, they are learned. |
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8 definitions of communication
(intentional) |
two or more people consciously engage in interaction with some purpose. unintentional communication may exsist. ex when you think someone is ignoring you, you may get unintentional communication from this even though they are really not ignoring you
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8 definitions of communication
(contextual) |
depends on the context in which it occurs. context is the cultural, physical, relational and perceptual environment. 4 different types of context: sociorelational environment, perceptual environment, cultural and microcultural environment, and physical environment
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4 types of contexts
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Physical environment
Cultural and microcultural environment Sociorelational: social roles: sex, age, religion, Perceptual: motivations, intentions, personality traits people bring to communication |
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8 definitions of communication
(unbiguitous) |
means communication is everyone, done by all, all the time. it is impossible not to communicate
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8 definitions of communication
(cultural) |
culture shapes communication.
everyone from different cultures have different ways of communicating both verbally and nonverbally |
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Definition of communication
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the dynamic process of encoding and decoding verbal and nonverbal messages within a defined cultural, physiological, sociorelational, and perceptual environment
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8 definitions of communication
(cultural) |
culture shapes communication. Everyone from different cultures have different ways of communication verbally and nonverbally.
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DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
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the dynamic process of encoding and decoding verbal and nonverbal messages within a defined cultural physiological, sociorelational, and perceptual environment
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The definition and nature of culture
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Culture has a direct influence on the physical, relational and perceptual environment
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Culture-
an accumulated pattern of ___, __, and __, shared by an identifiable group of people with a ___ history and verbal and nonverbal __ systems |
values, beliefs, behaviors
shared symbol |
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Neuleips contextual model of communication
(elements) |
cultural context-> microcultural context->environmental context-> perceptual context-> sociorelational context-> verbal/nonverbal codes
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perceptual Context refers to how an individual __, __, and __ info.
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gathers, stores, and retrieves
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context- the __, __, __, __ and the overall __ within which communication occurs
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setting situation cicumstances background
frame work |
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Gudykunst- when we interact with people from different cultures we tent to view them as __
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Strangers
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Intercultural communication Apprehension- involves the individuals degree of __ to approach or avoid a given intercultural context or person.
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motivation
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Intercultural communication Apprehension is a persons __ orentation toward intercultural comm
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affective
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most models of communication competence include __, __ and __
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cognitive
affective behavioral |
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cognitive
affective behavioral |
how much a person knows about com
how much motivation to approach/aviod skills one has to communicate |
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Samovar and Porter
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#
# “A deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving” |
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6 characteisitcs of culture according to Samovar and Porter
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1. Culture is learned
2. Culture is transmissible 3. Culture is dynamic 4. Culture is selective 5. The facets of culture are interrelated, and 6. Culture is ethnocentric |
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Dialectical approach emphasizes the __, __, character of understanding. is challengin because it requires us to hold two ___ ideas ___
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processual:meaning cultures change
Relational: contradicting, simultaniously |
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Dialectical tensions
cultural----___ personal---__ differences---___ static---___ Present-future---___ privliged---___ |
individual
social-contextual similarities dynamic history-past diisadvantage |
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Individualism
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valuing personal idependance
see themselves as unique from others |
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Collectivism
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groups bind and mutually obligate peps
it is possible to be both People see themselves as INTERDEPNDANT of others |
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idiocentric:
Allocentric: |
individualistic tendencies
Collectivst tendencies |
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high context - person will look into the __ __ and __ environment for information.
Are more ___ |
rely on restrict codes than actual language codes.
Physical, Sociorelational, and perceptual Collectivist |
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Low Context-
Are more |
verbal code is priamry source
communicate thier feelings Individualistic |
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Power Distance
Hofstede- the extent to which the __powerful members of organizations within a country expect and accept that power is dristributed ___. |
less
equally |
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Hofstede cont.
smaller power distance: inequalities among people should be ___. US CANADA AUSTRALIA famliy- education "climb the latter of success" |
minimized
family- decisions are made democraticly education- students are to ask questions drive hardwork and determination |
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Hoffsted cont.
Large Power distance- inequalities amongst people are bothe __- and __ pilipiens, mexico, india children father rules workplace- |
expected and desired
children- obedient Work place- power is usually centralized |
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Ting-Toomy
FACE Self face other face mutual face |
represents an individuals sense of positive self image in the context of communication.
self- concern for ones own image other- concern for another image mutual- concern for both parties |
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facework is used to manage these faces during ___
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Conflict
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TT shows that small power distance have ___ self face concern and use more __ facework
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GREATER
DOMINATING |
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Uncertainty Avoidance
unknown culture can be __ when there is ___ there is ___ and people want to avoid it |
uncomfortable
uncertainty, anxiety |
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Uncertainty oriented people- seek out information and to engage in an activity that will directly resolve ___
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uncertainty
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Certainty oriented people- undertake activies that maintain __
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clarity
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Uncertainty- degree to which memebers of a particular culture are __ by uncertain or unknown situations
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theatened
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Microculture
a group of people who share a set of __, __, and __. Are like Macroculture but are bonded together by similar ___ |
values, beliefs, and behaviors
experiences |
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_ charateristics that distinguish microcultural groups
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5
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Microcultural Group Status is determined by ones membership in __, __, __ or __ groups
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sex, racial, ethnic, religious
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5 characteristics of microcultural groups
1) posses some __ or cultural trait that distinguishes them from others. () 2) Usually not ___ |
physical (skin and sex)
Voluntary (born into it) |
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3) generally practice ___
4) group members are aware of their ___ status 5)experience ____ treatment from the dominant group |
endogamy (marrying ingroup)
Subordinate unequal |
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Muted Micro Cultures
lack ___ power use of the dominant group preffered language contributes to the microcultural groups __ |
linguistic
Subordination |
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who were the 3 micro cultures described in the book
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Hispanics
African Americans Amish Hmong Arab Americans |
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Information Load
by: ___ ___ |
Albert Mehrabian
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Information Rate
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the amount of information contained or percieved in the environment per some unit of time
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High Load-
Environment having __ __ __ Words like ____ mean high load Higher load means ___ uncertainty |
high information rate
uncertain, varied, complex, suprising rare, random Higher |
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Low Load-
Environment having __ __ __ Works like __ |
low information rate
certain, redundant, simple, familiar, common, patterned |
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information loads can affect peoples feeling in 3 ways:
APD |
arousal--- nonarousal
pleasure--- displeasure Dominance- Submissiveness |
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Bulit Environment
By: |
Jon Lang
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Built environment: adaptations to the ___ environment: archtexture housing, lighting ect
Usually built around __ activities |
terrestrial
Specific |
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Edward hall 3 types of spaces
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Fixed feature
semi fixed informal- ends when communication ends |
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Edwards 4 levels of distance
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intimate 9-18in,
personal 1.5-4 ft, social- consultative4-12 ft, and public more than 12 |
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Culture and Natural environment
by: |
Jon Lang
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Cultural and Natural environment
___ environment includes the physical geography of the earth , its climate and its natural processes |
terrestrial
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terrestial environment for every human is ___.
Cultures relationship with nature is __-__ |
earth
Cultural-bound |
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Cultures use __ to communicate about nature
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Symbols
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WESTIN's Privacy
Believes that privacy is a neccessary condition for acceptable __ __. Same competing needs of suclusion and pysical contact in the __ __ |
Social Behavior
Animal World |
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Westin Privacy
4 types of privacy |
solitude
intamacy anonymity- unknown even in a crowd reserve- phycological barriers to control unwanted intrusion |
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4 types of privacy serve differnt purposes
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personal autonomy, release of emotions, self evaluation, and communication
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Time Orientations
By: |
Edward Hall
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human communication occurs in a __ __ and ___
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physical space
Perceptual time |
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time is a ___ component of the environment
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Physcological
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Monochronic (Mtime) emphasized __
time is __ one activity at a time people with power given the __ time ___ context cultures use this |
Schedules
money most low |
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Mtime denies the ___ ___ and progression of Human __
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natural context
communication |
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Polychronic Time (Ptime)
time less ___, and stresses __ activities. ___ take prority __ context cultures |
tangible
multiple relationships high |
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Sterotypes are categories with an __
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attiitude
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Other countries are __, that it, an assortment of people in tht same place but not blended together
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montage or mosaic
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Sterotyping is an __ information processing strategy where as predjudice is a __ process
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automatic
controlled |
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Sterotypes are categories with an __
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attiitude
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American sterotypes
seen as the __ so therefore but we see differences as blocking intergroup friendships |
Melting Pot
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Other countries are __, that it, an assortment of people in tht same place but not blended together
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montage or mosaic
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Sterotyping is an __ information processing strategy where as predjudice is a __ process
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automatic
controlled |
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High- prejudiced people have___ ___ consistent with the sterotype whereas low- prejudice people ___ that the sterotype is innappropriate or inaccuate.
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personal beliefs
understand |
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Prejudice and sterotyping
by: |
Patrcia Devine
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Outgroup homogeneity effect- tendency for people to see members of an outgroup as __ diverse and more ___ than the members of the group actually see themselves
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less
stereotypic |
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illusory correlation principle- single instance of on unusual behavior becomes enough to link it to the _ __
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whole group
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2 reasons why steroetyping is still around:
sterotyping may arise out of ___ conditions sterotypes role as a __ ___ __ |
real- ex. more black people are poor, so we think they are all poor
Self-fulfilling prophacy |
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another reason people retain stereotypes is because the help us maintain __-__. this is because we differentiate ourselve through our __.
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self esteem
Ingroups |
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Stereotype threat occurs when we sense that some aspect of out self seems to ___ the stereotype making it appear to be __.
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match
valid |
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Stereotype threat occurs because individual are afraid of the implications of ___ the sterotype held by others.
Example: |
confirming
When black were told to take a test to measure abilty the did awful. But when asked to take the test for no reason they did much better |
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Ethnocentrism- the technical name for this view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything and all other are scaled and rated with reference to it.
Greek meaning: |
Central Nation
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ethnocentric attributional bias- Ethnocentrics construct internal attributions for the ___ bahavior of ingroup members while making external attributions for the positive behavior
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positive
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Ethnocentrism___ influences intercultural communication
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negatively
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can tell if they are ethnocentric by their__
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language
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racism and ethocentrism are not __, they are __
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sysnonymous
related |
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To ___, but not a __ is possible
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Ethnocentric
Racist |
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difference is that ethno is refering to your __ where as racism is only. about your __.
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Ingroups
race |
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There is a ___ component at the core of racist ideology that does not exisit in the concept of ethno.
Racists believe in a __ or __ superiority |
biological
moral or intellectual |
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ethno is rooted in __ and __
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ethnicity and culture
whereas racism in biological |
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racism is thought to be __ where ethno we are born with
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learned. (it is not universal)
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Racism Becomes a way of releasing ___ associated with difficult social, economic, or political times
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frustration and stress
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Categorization- is the mental process of sorting stimuli into __ groups
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meaningful
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Categorizing is a ___ function of human thought: Without it, we would have to take all new stimuli and consider it uniquely.
We often take mental __ in categorizing |
necessary
Shortcuts |
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The opposite dimension of ethnocentrism is called __ __
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cultural relativism
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Xenophobia
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fear of strangers
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Membership groups
nonmembership group |
Ones we belong to
Ones we dont |
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involuntary membership groups
volunetary membership grous |
we have no choice (age sex race)
consciously involved in |
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involuntary nonmembership groups
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groups that one wants to belong to but cant because the dont meet qualifications
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reference group
possesses some quality we aspire to ans hence reference it for our decsions had behaviors |
group to which we may or maynot belong but which with we identify in some important way.
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Role relationship;
Roles- ones relative position is a group, ones ___ __ types |
rank
2 |
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formal roles- __ defined
informal roles- learned__, mastered by __ |
well defined
informally, experience (brother, mom, boyfriend) |
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roles prescribe with __, about __ and __ to communicate with others
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whom
what how |
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Our roles are __ by out culture
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ranked
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social stratification- __ ordering of roles within a culture
Exists in a culture with a __ differentated role hierarchy that is organized in a __ status structure |
RANK
highly vertical |
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Role differentiation- some cultures make __ distinctions while others make many
Relatively __ culture might distinguish among only a few roles (family, social, occupational) Highly __ culture may make numerous role distinctions (president, manager) |
few
undifferentiated differentiated |
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Sex and gender groups
by |
sarah bem
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VERBAL CODE
Sapir -Whorf hypothesis the language of a particular culture __ effects how people think |
Directly
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Sapir -Whorf: the way people see the world are especially dictated to 2 different types of observations
1)Principle of linguistic determinism 2)Principle of linguistic realitivity |
1)the one way thinks is determined by thier lingo
2)differences among language are reflected in the difference of worldviews |
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Sex and gender groups
by |
sarah bem
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sex refers to the __ and anatomical classification of males and females
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Biological
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gender refers to the __ and symbolic creation that we learn through enculturation and socialization
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social
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VERBAL CODE
Sapir -Whorf hypothesis the language of a particular culture __ effects how people think |
Directly
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Sapir -Whorf: the way people see the world are especially dictated to 2 different types of observations
1)Principle of linguistic determinism 2)Principle of linguistic realitivity |
1)the one way thinks is determined by thier lingo
2)differences among language are reflected in the difference of worldviews |
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ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODE
by |
Basil Bernstien
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ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODE:
Language symbolizes what is __ to do, where speech symbolizes what is __ __ |
possible
actually occurring |
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ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODE:
Speech codes are not defined by lexicon or syntax, but by the __ __ of the culture |
Social structure
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2 types of linguistic/speech codes
1) 2) |
restricted
elaborated |
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language: consists of a systematic set of sounds combind with a set of __ for the sole purpose of creating __ and communicating
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rules
meaning |
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ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODE
by |
Basil Bernstien
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ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODE:
Language symbolizes what is __ to do, where speech symbolizes what is __ __ |
possible
actually occurring |
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ELABORATED AND RESTRICTED CODE:
Speech codes are not defined by lexicon or syntax, but by the __ __ of the culture |
Social structure
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2 types of linguistic/speech codes
1) 2) |
restricted
elaborated |
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restricted code- options are limited as to what they can say
usually used in __ context __ cultures |
High, Collectivist
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Elaborate code- chose form a variety of options
speaker intent is usually __ |
unknown
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Gudy and TT Cross Cultral communication style: 4
describes cultures as tonal coloring |
Direct-indirect
elaboroate-succinct personal - contextual instumental- affective |
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Direct-indirect
Direct: used in __ context, very clear Indirect: used in __ context, hidden intentions |
low
high |
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elaboroate-succinct
deals with __ of talk prefered elaborate: flashy embellsihed lingo Exacting: no more or less than is needed succinct: concise statements, silence |
quantity
elaborate: arab middle eastern |
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personal contextual
personal: amplifies individual identity of speaker - ___ cultures Contextual highlight ones role identity and status. |
individualistic
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instrumental - affective
instrumental- __ based. persuade others, organizes message Affective - reciever and process orientated. not concerened with __ but process. responsibility to understand is held by ___ parties |
Sender
outcome both |
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NONVERBAL CODES
verbal communication represents the __ content of the message, where nonverbal communicates the style or how the message is to be __ |
literal
interpreted |
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NONVERBAL
the nonverbal code often complements, accents subsitites repeats or even __ the verbal message. |
contridicts
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verbal communication is known as __
Nonverbal is known as __ __ |
Digital communicaiton- because it is thought out and contructed
Analogic communication b/c we have less control over it |
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verbal lingo is based on __ where nonverbal is __ based
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symbols
signal |
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it is hard to communicate past nonverbally also to __ nonverbally
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negotiate
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Channels of Nonverbal
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kinesics, paralanguage, proxemics, haptics, olfactics, physical appearance and dress
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kinesics- 5 behaviors
emblems- illustators affect displays regulators adaptors |
emblems: hand gestures with meaning
illustators: compliment what is said affect displays: facial expressions. they are universal regulators:govern direct or manage conversation. ex eyecontact adaptors: kinesic actions that satisfy physiological needs. sratching an itch |
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Paralanguage - vocal qualties that usually accompany speech.
Voice quality and vocalizations include |
pitch rythem tempo, nonfluencies like Um Ah Uh
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Proximics
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space
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Haptics
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use of touch
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olfactics
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smell
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chronemics
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time
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__ theory: When someone gets too close, we seek to balance out the space, either by moving further away, glancing away, talking about superficial topics
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Equilibrium
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__ theory: When someone stands too close, it leads to arousal but an enhanced consideration of the communicator.
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Arousal
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Distance Zones: by hall
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Intimate distance: from 0 to 18 in
Personal distance: from 18 inches to 4 feet. Social distance: from 4 to 12 feet. Public distance: from 12 feet and beyond. |
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Expectancy violation theory
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expectancy, violations, arousal, interpretation, evaluation, respose
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Uncertanty
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refers to the amount of predictability in a communication situation
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Uncertainty reducation theory- major premise is that when starngers first meet, thier primary goal is to
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reduce uncertaintlly
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URT is both a proactive and __ process
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retroactive
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URT is Berger and Calabrese
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Yes
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7 axioms of URT
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1st two deal with as info goes up, uncertainty goes down.
3-high uncertainty increases level of information seeking 4- high uncertainty = low intamacy 5-high uncertainty = high reciptocity 6-similarities reduce uncertainty 7- decrease uncertainty = greater liking |
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Donn Byrne- Similarity postulate:
attitude similarity between people leads to a __ affect, which in turn leads to attraction. |
positive
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Relational Empathy: Broome
shared meaning and harmonization that is the result of the interaction of two people. Based on the fact that when people interact they create a ___ ___ |
third culture (interdependant things)
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FUNDIMENTAL THEME OF CONFUCIANISM
that proper relationships form from the conerstone of ___. should be guided by 4 principles |
society
humanism faithfulness propriety wisdom |
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Long term assymetrical reciprocity
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not counting who did what. used in eastern cultures
US does not |
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General Systems Theory
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Input – what a system brings into it…
Output – what the system produces Stability or satisfaction (or both) |
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Cybernetic System -
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the study of feedback and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organizations. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.
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Intercultural relationships are those in which __ difference is the issue,
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real
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Stigmatized relationships are those...
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that are not readily validated by or even receive discrimination from a larger society.
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Equifinality:
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One can reach the same end-point (or goal) from many starting points.
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Three aspects of the Environment
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Social characteristics
The role of the family Social acceptance |
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propinquity—the __ difference between partners
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physical
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KIMS model of Intercultural Conflict
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Macrolevel- history; structual inequalities
Intermediate Level- location and cotext; segregation, status discrepence Miccrolevel- each individuals attitudes; ingroup bias; insecurty, cognitive |
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“Face” can be defined as one’s projected relational self-image
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The facework of people from low-context cultures will be different from facework of people from high-context cultures
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Negative Face
Positive Face |
(Autonomy)
(Inclusion) |
