Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
312 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Herbert Hoover
|
-1929, Herbert Hoover becomes president
-he was an administrator during WWI (food production/distribution) -Secretary of commerce for Coolidge (mid 20’s) -expectation that this period of enormous growth in the U.S. will continue growing |
|
October 29: Wallstreet Nightmare
|
-in the 1920’s there is enormous speculation on Stocks
-experienced traders get out of the stock market as soon as they realize what’s going on and then there is a ripple effect…stock prices continue to go down -stock market crashes (October, 1929) = major event that helps usher in the Great Depression |
|
“trading on the margin”
|
-people are “trading on the margin” = borrow money to buy stocks with the expectation that as the stock price rises you sell the stock, pay back loan and still have profit.
-lots of stock trade abroad as well -stocks are hugely inflated (not corresponding to worth of stocks) |
|
Economic Problems during the 1920's
|
-underlying social unrest of the 1920’s: there is a lot of unequal distribution of wealth and prosperity (elites and poor)
-overproduction and under consumption = imbalance -international tariff war -expansion of availability of easy credit |
|
U.S. government response to crash + Europe's response
|
-response of the U.S. government to the stock market crash = ripple effect on American economy (banks, farms, etc close) = congress reacts by putting in more protectionism (expand tariffs to protect American jobs)
=> Hawley Smoot Tariff = 60% tariff -Other countries begin to do the same thing and this causes a decline in world trade on a grand scale. |
|
The Breakup of the International Economic System
|
-as other countries reciprocate this exacerbates the problem
|
|
What Britain does in response to U.S. tariffs/depression
|
-the British institute a system of Imperial Preference = tariff wall around the entire empire = expected to help them recover.
-this essentially makes Britain a closed economic bloc |
|
French and German response
|
-The French institute a system of Imperial Preference
-The Germans do the same thing -Crystallization of economic blocs – goods don’t come in or out = all aspects of International Trade comes to a halt/dwindle to nothing |
|
Gold Standard and Currency blocs
|
-Gold standard collapses
-Currency blocs = only use domestic currency for trade, other currency can’t be used. |
|
The Hoover Moratorium, 1930-1931
|
-June 21, 1931 Hoover calls for a 1 year moratorium = leaves reparation payments alone (interest still accumulates).
|
|
Presidential Election 1932 & conditions at the time
|
-1932 Hoover loses election to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (huge loss).
-When FDR comes to office the unemployment rate is at 25% -bankruptcy/banks are closing and people lose money -Increasing social unrest – people get agitated -communism and fascism becomes a much more appealing alternative to liberal democracy -no social services/welfare/security available = when you lose your money and job you’re on your own. |
|
FDR's motto
|
”relief, recovery and reform”
|
|
Roosevelt’s New Deal
|
= social, economic and political reform
|
|
New Deal: 1) Bank Holidays
|
- Bank Holidays (1933) = closes the banks = stops people from going in and withdrawing all of their money. Stabilizing effect – by the time banks re-open the FDIC is created.
|
|
New Deal: 2) FDIC
|
- FDIC (1933) = Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation = ensures deposits by federal government = stabilizing banking situation.
|
|
New Deal: 3) Civilian Conservation Corps
|
- Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) = Federal Government creates jobs for people = people can buy things and get economy moving
|
|
New Deal: 4) The National Industrial Recovery Act
|
- The National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) = regulate prices, wages, relations between businesses, workers, and unions = eventually overturned by Supreme court (done often).
|
|
New Deal: 5) Tennessee Valley Authority
|
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) = electricity to all for affordable price, controlled Tennessee flooding, improved navigation
|
|
New Deal: 6) The Works Progress Admnistration
|
- The Works Progress Administration (1935) = Federal Government creates jobs for people = people can buy things and get economy moving
|
|
New Deal: 7) Social Security
|
- Social Security (1935) = social security, welfare, and a safety net for people.
|
|
FDR is willing
|
to deficit spend.
|
|
The Effects of the Depression in Europe: US involvement
|
- The U.S. had been underwriting the European Economy
- Had to pull out of there completely - Situation continues to deteriorate |
|
The Effects of the Depression in Europe: Hoover Moratorium
|
- Bank in Austria closes and they approach Germany to create an economic union – French say no way, too big of a threat = continuing animosity.
- Roosevelt tries to get the Europeans to reduce tariffs – doesn’t happen. - 1 Year Hoover Moratorium becomes a permanent moratorium because power default on their payments - Depression is so intense and deep they cant pay back loans and reparations. |
|
The Effects of the Depression in Europe: US response to no reparation payments
|
- By 1934, Hiram Johnson (US Senate) passes an act in the Senate that says no American whatsoever can lend money to Europe = Johnson Act (result of default).
|
|
The Effects of the Depresison in Europe: Germany
|
- Problem: Germany begins to rearm during the 1930’s and the Europeans don’t have the funds to do likewise.
|
|
The Effects of the Depression worldwide
|
=> Incredibly difficult situation (New Deal doesn’t really help) in the United States
- Fascism and Communism become much more appealing to people (even in the U.S.) |
|
Heinrich Bruning
|
(1930-1933) Elected to power
-Hindenburg is still president but power lies in chancelor (Bruning) -Bruning Tries to get Germany out of the depression |
|
Bruning's measures to take Germany out of depression: 1) Inflation
|
-brings on deflation to lower prices of German goods to make them more competitive internationally
-increases taxes, reduces government spending and tries to encourage no consumerism. = negative consequences: no jobs and standard of living goes down. |
|
The Reichstag and Bruning
|
-German parliament
-starting to turn against Bruning -he ignores them. -Bruning Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree allowing him to rule w/o parliament. -> Beginning of authoritarianism in germany. |
|
Dissolve Parliament and the consequences
|
1932 - He dissolves the parliament and calls for new election
-> backfires = in new election the number of communists rises and there is a rise in Nazi party deputees (12 to 107) |
|
Nazi rise to power in the Reichstag
|
By 1932, the Nazi party is the 2nd largest party in the Reichstage -> increased power in a legal way.
-nothing anyone can do. |
|
The Collapse of the Versailles Treaty by Germany
|
-Bruning's foreign policy looks to over throw the Versailles Treaty.
-after the Hoover Moratorium Germany also refuses to pay reparations (1931) = violation of the Versailles treaty. -Bruning pushes for rearming (demands this right) |
|
The Rise of Hitler: Bye bye Bruning
|
-by 1932 the Depression has grown
-Bruning is forced from position. |
|
The Rise of Hitler: elections
|
1932, July - 2nd round of elections, Nazi Party 107 to 230 seats.
-January 30, 1933 - Hindenburg asks Hitler to form a government and become chancellor. - all legal |
|
The Rise of Hitler: Hindenburg asks Hitler b/c
|
-Nazi party is the largest party in the reichstag
-elites think they can control hitler/they think they can manipulate him -industrialists support him because he suppresses communists -banks are paying for the Nazi campaign = he can be controlled and manipulated |
|
Hitler's History:
|
-born in Austria, 1889
-father dies when he's 13, mother is dead -gets government grant and lives off of this (hes an orphan) -moves to Vienna then Munich -wants to be a painter but drops out of school -War breaks out in 1914 and he joines the german army -heroic figure - messenger, shot in leg, wins 2 crosses. -1918 blinded/injured by a gas attack |
|
Hitlers History: galvanized
|
1919 he hears about armistice and this galvanizes his political beliefs
-german army is stabbed in the back -social democrats are responsible -hitler doesnt like the versailles treaty, Paris Peace conference or the armistice |
|
Hitlers History: Germans Workers Party
|
-works for military intelligence, joins paramilitary force
-gets involved with German Worker Party - takes over fast/his rhetoric isnt new -1921 he renames it = Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party = Nazi (nationalist party) |
|
Hitlers History: Rise to power
|
-early 1920's hes very insignificant
-works on gaining power and popularity -1923 Munich Beer Hall Putsch = Lendendorf and Hitler tyr to take over government and are arrested and put in prison -while in prison hitler writes Mein Kampf, 1925 |
|
Mein Kampf
|
-help from his assistant, Heff
-lays out Hitlers vision for germany -3 key theories: lebenstraum, geopolitics, racial theory |
|
Mein Kampf: 1) Lebenstraum
|
= living space
-comes from Thomas Malfus (1798) = argues population growth will outstrip the food supply = disease, unrest, famine and war -Hitler applies these ideas to Germany =Germany needs more living space -sees other countries have unlimited space (Russia/US/GB) -> Germany needs to expand eastward into contigous land. |
|
Mein Kampf: 2) Geopolitics
|
-Mackinder, control heartland = control world
-Hitler wants to gain control and expand eastward so he can control the world. -believes germany is surrounded by hostile countries -stuck in the center with no outlet. |
|
Mein Kampf: 3) Racial Theory
|
-strong aspect
-tapping into existing theories/views -applies it to Hitler's lebenstraum in east (slavs/jews are inferior) -germans are superior race -land in the east is predominantly jewish, and hitler sees the jews as a race -get rid of people because its german territory (picks up ideas in vienna and sees what other powers did to natives) |
|
1933 Hitler
|
Hitler becomes chancellor and tries to make all of germany a 1 party state = Nazi
-destroys communist party thru brute force and pushing them out of election. -S.S = paramilitary -gets rid of social democrats |
|
Reichstag Fire, February 1933
|
= seen as a communist conspiracy
-find a dutch communist within the fire, Marinus Van der Lubbe = scapegoat -lucky break for nazis giving them a pretext |
|
Reichstag Fire: Hitlers response
|
-takes a dictatorial authoritarian position
-asks Hindenburg to suspend the Weimar Constitution because of threaty -gets the enabling act = allows Hitler to rule by decree and dictate legislation by himself (renewed every 4 years) =authoritarian rule begins, not much attention paid to Hitler until 1935 |
|
1935: Hitlers rearmament
|
Hitler announces to Reichstag that Germany is goign to rearm unilaterally
-conscription: army of 550,000, build navy and air force = world responds with condemnation but dont do anything about it. -Hitler uses League rhetoric = "whyshould we disarm if you dont?" |
|
1936 distraction
|
Other powers are distracted in 1936
-Spanish-Civil War -Italy's Invasion of Abysinia (Ethiopia) |
|
Spanish Civil War, 1936
|
-Spain becomes a republic in 1931
-since then there is conflict over who will dominate -run by moderate catholic party til 1936. -1936 popular front wins control (oppose fascism, response to Stalin/Mussolini) -all groups work together (communists, democrats, etc) |
|
Spanish Civil War: Popular front outrage
|
Popular front comes to power and causes outrage to the nationalists (no elite/church power) = huge threat
-Spanish military revolts led by Gernal Francisco Franco (he's in spanish morocco) = army coup, navy isnt involved. |
|
Gernal Francisco Franco
|
-Franco calls Hitler for help getting from Morocco to Spain
-Hitler obliges because Franco is a fascist -helps move nationalist forces and Hitler and Mussolini send troops and planes (volunteers = good test for air force) |
|
Ideological battle
|
=stark ideological battle between fasicsm vs. popular front government (repubs, liberals, democrats, socialists)
|
|
Guernica
|
Guernica attack = Hitler terror bombs spanish cities = this has not been seen before
-capitalizing moement for people - seen as an outrage |
|
Spanish Civil War: World intervention
|
-US and Gb wont get involved
-League does nothing -many countries leave the league -Spain isnt important, its peripheral -Britain is in the midst of appeasement (dont want S.U. to intervene and dont want to antagonize Italy and Germany) |
|
Soviet Union help
|
-Stalin supplies the popular front w/ supplies because he knows what the fascists are interested in.
-Soviets lead international brigades - volunteers fighting for republicans (not necessarily soviet supporters) -Stalin fosters suspicion between groups, wants this to be a communist movement. |
|
1939 nationalist party victory
|
Franco wins and takes control
|
|
The End of Collective Security: Abysinia
|
-Italy really wants Abysinia
-Mussolini wants this colony and surround it with 2 colonies -Mussolini engineers a border struggle allowing Italy to come in -1 sided fight - have all the new technology and equipment (testing ground) |
|
Abysinia, emporer
|
-emporor of Abysinia is Haile Sellassie
-goes to the league and gives speech for help (this is about all nations of the world) -league does nothing |
|
Abysinia, League Intervention and invasion
|
-League puts useless sanctions on Italy
-should've pout it on oil and should've colosed the Suez Canal = ends of league = dont want to act too extremely to antagonize germany and italy => Invasion of Abysinia in 1935. |
|
The Formation of the Axis: the axis pact
|
-these past events strengthen the relations between Italy and Germany.
-Axis Pact, 1936 (Italy and Germany) |
|
The Formation of the Axis: other pacts
|
-Anti-Communist Intern pact directed at teh Soviet Union in 1936 (Germany Japan and Italy in 1937)
-Pact of Steel 1939 = alliance is stronger (germany and italy( -Tripartite Pact 1940 (Germany, Italy and Japan) - anti communist -italy leaves league |
|
Appeasement
|
1930's appeasement didnt have bad connotations, it was considered diplomacy.
|
|
Sources for British and French appeasement: 1) trauma
|
-traumatic effect/memories of WWI
-nobody was untouched -war had an enormous impact -nobody wants another war |
|
Sources for British and French appeasement: 2) guilt about versailles
|
-esp in britain
-germans were treated too harsley -cont thru 20's and 30s -germany has a right to what its doing -Hitler uses national self determination to justify what he's doing (turns V. treaty on its head, until 1939) |
|
Sources for British and French appeasement: 3) Anti Communism
|
-Hitler is anti-communist and manipulates this
-GB and France are too -Fascism is a new appealing force |
|
Sources for British and French appeasement: 4) Awe at Germany's Achievements
|
-the way Hitler turns Germany around
-he's onto something -fascism is dynamic and exciting -we need to accomodate to Hitler -Support from King Edward VIII and David Lloyd George |
|
German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 1) Rearm
|
1) March 1935 Hitler rearms
|
|
German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 2)Anglo-German naval agreement
|
2) June 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement (german navy cant be bigger than 1/3 GB army)
|
|
German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 3) Rhineland
|
3) March 7 1936, remilitarization of the rhineland
-symbolic test = small march -nobody does anythign so he remilitarizes -not a flagrant violantion of teh Lacarno pact -self determination -emboldens hitler and sends terrible message to newly constructed countries -builds a "seigfried line" = massive system of fortification = impossible for France to invade Germany and protect the allies. |
|
German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 4) Anschluss
|
4) March 12, 1938 - Anschluss with Austria
-Austria is predominantly German -Austria wants to be apart of Germany and allies dont like this -self-dtermination -wants nazi party powerful in austria -austrian government refuses but in 1938 - pressure mounts and germany is going to invade -Austrian prime minister, Von Schussnig is summed to Germany -goes back to Austria and blindsides Hitler (wants people to vote for their govt) -> Hitler is pissed and mobilizes against them -Schussnig allows him into Austria -Germany comes in and is unopposed. |
|
issues with the Czech
|
-Czech is in the calws of germany
-defense is against Germany not austria -sudetenland = 3.5 million german speakers = apart of Czech given to them during PP conference -National self determination is resisted by the Czech -Hitler hints hes going to mobilize -Nevel Chamberlain = British Prime minister keeps butting in - doesnt want war. -FDR intervenes - last effort sept 1938 |
|
German Revisions of Versailles Treaty: 5) Munich Agreement
|
September 1938
-all german speaking territory in czech transferred to Germany (Sudetenland, South Czech and Tesh) -Poland recieves Teschen -S. Slovakia annexed to hungary -Chamberlain declares peace in our time! -Hitler outright attacks the Czechs - never done before, pretenses are off -Hitler annxes half of Czech (Bohemia, Moravia) -Chamberlain and the French Prime Minister realize that appeasement isnt working -appeasement ends |
|
Hitlers non stop efforts
|
Nonstop efforts to undermine and overturn the versailles treaty
|
|
German economy
|
german economy has recovered because of the dawes plan, prosperous democracies, and the weimar republic stablized
|
|
Anti democracy
|
undercurrent of anti democracy
-hindenburg, 1925 -people want an autocratic state to return (imperial) -military leaders |
|
Great Depression
|
sends it over the end
removes the US from undermining the European economy |
|
The Interamerican Region
|
-change in relationship between U.S. and Latin America in the 30's
-begins during Coolidge 20's -increasing resentment -> looking to change administration -right to intervene = Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Collary -Coolidge and Hoover preserve U.S. economic relationship -> needs to change |
|
J. Rubin Clark
|
1928 J Rubin Clark (assistant secretary of state) reviews policy
-Clark Memorandum = argues that teh U.S. doesnt have the right to intervene as it has been (esp. Militarily) -doesnt change teh Monroe Doctrine (directed at Europe) -criticizes the Roosevelt Corollary (directed at LA) |
|
Clark Memorandum
|
-repudiated the Corollary
-revised american policy toward latin america -nothing really changes until 1933 when Roosevelt comes to office |
|
Japan embarassment
|
-US is changing policy because its becoming an international embarassment because Japan is belligerant towards China and is using U.S. tactics and justifications to justify what they're doing throughout the 1930s
|
|
1933 Roosevelt President
|
-inaugural address = changes in relations
= the good neighbor policy 1933 (term used by Hoover, but Roosevelt makes changes) |
|
FDR speech in front of Latin American Union
|
1) Withdraw all troops from LA and Caribean, no more deployment of marines (exception in Guantalamo Bay and Panama Canal - own both)
2) 1934 Roosevelt repeals the Platt amendment from Cuba (no right to intervene) => Major Shift -U.S. in LA doesnt stop - continues under different guises. |
|
Nicaragua
|
U.S. Marines were there from 1912-1924 then came back in 1927.
-Cesar Augusto Sandino = creates paramilitary force to fight U.S. and supporters are the elites = guerilla war. -U.S. troops leave in 1933 and Sandino no longer has an enemy |
|
Sandino meets with President
|
-Sandino arranges to meet with President Juan Baptista Sacasa = declares amnest for Sandino and forces as long as Sandino pledges loyalty to government, disbans forces
-also allowed to set up an agricultural cooperative in N. Nicaragua -Sandino does this - as U.S. marines leave there is a fear that this will create more unrest in Nicaragua. -so the US set up a national guard (nicaraguans) to maintain stability w/o US presence |
|
Nicaraguan National Guard
|
-General Antonio Samoza Garcia put in charge of guard
= used to increase his own personal power in Nicaragua -Sandino is not happy and sees him as a US puppet. -1934 Sandino travels to managua to meet w/ samoza |
|
Sandino and Samoza meet
|
-When Sandino arrives he and his men are kidnapped and killed.
-Somoza consolidates power and in 1936 he takes over Presidency and remains in power until his death in 1956. |
|
Somoza
|
-runs Nicaragua as a dictator
= staunch ally of the U.S. working for their interests |
|
US w/ Nicaragua
|
-US gets the stability and order they wanted and a strong ally
-neo-imperialism = work thru other people -"he's a son of a bitch, but he's our son of a bitch" -FDR is worried about axis subversion in LA (german and italian) -> thinks immigrants are agents. -having a dictator will not allow this and europeans cant intervene at all |
|
Cuba
|
leader = Fulgencio Batista Ceases power in military in 1933-1959 (overthrown by castro), dictator
-welcomes U.S. interests in Cuba, esp in sugar |
|
Dominican Republic
|
leader = Rafael Trujillo comes to power thru coup in 1933
-does all things US wants to keep out threats -dictator |
|
Cuba and Dominican Republic
|
-national guard
-allies w/ the US -done thru leaders and economic ties as the main trading partern w/ LA (replaced Germany) |
|
FDR and Cordell Hull
|
-FDR knwos the best way to come out of depression is thru international trade
-Cordell Hull (secretary of state) agrees, thinks it will help end international conflict because of economic ties = end depression -U.S is trying to get France and GB to bring down tariff barriers = doesnt work. -turn to LA to seel goods |
|
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
|
1934
US and LA negotiates reduction in tariff barriers agreements (Hull) -success -step in righ direction - reduction in protectionism and tariffs -bines LA and US together -> maintain and deepen US influence |
|
Problem for LA
|
LA flaw in relationship = countries rely on a single commodity
-very vulnerable to fluctuations in market -makes them reliant on supply and demand in the US -US doesnt suffer from this |
|
Mexico and the US
|
-exception
-1917 Mexican new consitution restricting foreign investment -1918 - oil belongs to Mexico - no foreign ownership -most are owned by US and GB |
|
Wilson and Obregon Compromise
|
-Wilson and Obregon compromise = doesnt apply to old previsions only new.
-works good until 1937-1938 |
|
Tension in Mexico
|
because of labor dispute between Mexican laborers/unions and U.S and GB oil companies
-Mexican court rules in favor of laborers = outrage in US and GB |
|
Lazaro Cardnas
|
Meixcan President, not friendly w/ the US
-announces that the Mexican government is going to nationalize these companies assets. |
|
response
|
= distributors boycot mexican oil
= other countries (italy and germany) need oil -> they buy it in response to boycot |
|
Compromise
|
1941 US and GB reach a compromise = Mexico compensates for losses and U.S and GB buy Mexican oil
=Meixco has control over its own oil assets. |
|
The European Threat and the Evolution of a Hemispheric Security System
|
-the war effects Western hemispheric security
-thru out 1930s efforts made to tie the US and LA together as threat in europe intensifies -threat: axis subversion fears (spies) |
|
The European Threat and the Evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 1) Inter-American Conference
|
1936 - Inter-American Conference for the maintenance of Peace, Buenos Aires (Argentina)
-important: 1936 - Spanish Civil War and Hitler =response to events in Europe |
|
1) Inter-American Conference continued
|
indication of greater cooperation
-argentina wants it to be done thru the league - cont to bother the US |
|
The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 2) Lima Conference
|
Peru, 1938
-Response to Europe: Munich conference, Ausslaus in Austria -Declaration of Lima = pledge to cooperate w/ each other if theres any foreign intervention -create a committe for consolidation -argentina signs this |
|
The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 2) Panama Conference
|
Sept to Oct 1939
1939 Hitler invades Poland -create a neutral zone around the Western Hemisphere -various agreements to tackle threat of axis subversion |
|
The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: 3) Havana Conference
|
July 1940
-Response: defeat of Holland and France -both have colonies in the Western Hemisphere = fear they will be transferred to Germany = no transfer revolution = no european country can transfer sovereignty to any other european power = become indep or under tuteledge of another LA country - an attack against 1 is an attack against all = total response |
|
The European Threat and the evolution of a Hemispheric Security System: Multilaterization
|
Multilaterization of the Monroe Doctrine = everyone joines (Even LA)
-increased military cooperation and preparedness -US identifies need in raw materials from LA and they get first dibs |
|
The Soviet Union in the 1930's
|
1930 SU transforms itself from being weak to being an industrial power
-cost to people -debts and costly -before the war they were 1 of the primary exporters of grain (came from the Ukraine) -WWI and Revolution destoryed SU agriculture -thru 1920s bc of these events russia is in poor shape -malnutrition, faminine (US food intervention) -Bolshevik collectivization = people own nothing and its all collected and distributed (no incentive to work) -Lenin's Hording - ended by Stalin |
|
Stalin's crash program of economic modernization: machinery
|
massive shortage in agricultural machinery (collective famrs need lots of equipment)
-Stalin needs to buy foreign machinery and to get teh right currency he sells grain to the US then buys their machinery. |
|
Collectivization in Industry
|
same thing is happening in industry
-Labor batallions = force people to work |
|
Patriotism
|
Bolsheviks instill a strong sense of communism thru patriotism/loyalty to Russia
- get peasantry on board |
|
Costs of Enormous Production: 1) Ukraine Famine
|
1932-1933
-surplus taken from Ukraine -Stalin forces a policy of starvation on the Ukraine -7 million die -helps Stalin gets rid of the threat of Ukrainian national identity |
|
Costs of Enormuos production: 2) Gulag Archipelago
|
forced labor camps for political enemies on a massive scale
|
|
Costs of enormous production: 3) Forced execution
|
of perceived enemies
|
|
costs of enormous production: imprisonment
|
of perceived enemies
|
|
End of Isolationism
|
Internationally:
-Stalin is threatened by Hitler because hes coming east and he knows wat he did to the German communist party -1934 Massive SU change in foreign policy - looked outward, no more isolationism, League of Nations interest |
|
Maxim Litvinov
|
pushes for LN membership, 1934 joins = collective security
-tries to convince others of threat |
|
US recognizes SU
|
1934 the US recognizes SU
-concerned about hitler -SU hopes for US help |
|
Franco-Soviet Alliance
|
1936
they were nemeies bc the tsars debts were repudiated = huge change because of Hitler threat -great for both sides (2 front war returns) |
|
Popular Front Strategy
|
1936
-SU announces change in Communist party doctrine = communist party can work w/ any party thats anti-fascist -popular front govt has to work w/ rearmament internally and prepare anti-fascist policies in every aspect = pragmatic approach by Stalin to get Europe to stand up against Hitler (revive triple entente?) |
|
Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 1) Memories of Brest-Litovsk
|
-Russia (communists) cant be trusted
|
|
Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 2) French financial claims
|
French has financial claims agianst SU (compensation)
-made alliance bc they feared Russian and German alliance |
|
Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 3) Fear of Communism
|
Fear of communism in europe and us
|
|
Obstacles to Russias return to European System: 4) Problem of Poland
|
-reconstituted out of Russian empire
-fear that the SU are just as revisionist in that they want to overthrow the Versaille Treaty to get poland back -Russian tension w Poland |
|
Munich, Prague and the Quest for a new triple entente 1938-1939: Munich Conference
|
Stalin keeps pushing and europeans dont care if hitler is going east
-escaserbated by Munich conference and invasion of Czech = european countries cant be trusted -Bc of continuing appeasement Stalin realizes europeans wont come aboard (As long as hitler is going east he'll get no support) |
|
Munich, Prague and the Quest for a new triple entente 1938-1939: Invasion of Czech
|
Appeasement ends and try to approach Stalin to try to revive triple entente
-too late for Stalin, insulted by the low ranking officials who are sent to moscow -Stalin realizes he needs to make a deal w/ Hitler |
|
Munich, Prague and the Quest for a new triple entente 1938-1939: Europes deal w/ stalin
|
Poland is in the way of Germany and Russia
- if deal is made w/ GB and France Poland must allow Russian troops to come thru it - rejected |
|
The Return to Brest-Litovsk: Rapallo: The Soviet-Nazi Pact
|
Max Lixtanov is fired bc hes a jew = message to hitler that the SU is ready to negotiate
-August 23, 1939 = SU and Germany make the Nazi-Soviet Non agression pact = 10 years -security for stalin because he knows it wont last 10 years -stalin had rid of his army because they were a threat = hes just buying time -work out a secret agreement to divideup poland (germany=west, SU=east) -Hitler doesnt have to fight a 2 front war |
|
The Emergence of the Middle East 1919-1939
|
-the idea of a place called the middle east didnt exist until 1919
|
|
The Emergence of the Middle East 1919-1939: Ottoman Empire, the sick man of europe
|
-thru out the 19th century the Ottoman Empire declines = sick man of europe
-being pushed out of europe physically -by 1914 the empire had shrunken dramatically -being pushed out of north africa -> by the great powers -empire has been weakened by the war and the nationalist outbreak -France doesnt want russia gaining land from the Ottomans. -multi national empire = slavs/arabs/turks/africans = problematic |
|
The Emergence of the Middle East 1919-1939: Leader
|
By the time of WWI the leader is Sultan Mehmed V (1901-1918)
-little formal power |
|
Ottoman and German Alliance
|
-ally w/ Germans WWI because germans make an effort to get alliance prior to war (Economic efforts/staffing amry w/ germans/modernize them/germans are against the russians)
|
|
Mehmed as Caliph
|
Mehmed is also the caliph= he speaks for all Muslims (Islamic World)
-he can declare jihad (holy war) -causes dissension bc theres lots of Muslims living int hese places (tactic) -pretty ineffective, no response |
|
Ottomans role in WWI
|
-play a minor role except for Gallipoli
-by 1917 GB is out of Gallipoli -start a 2 prong assault from egypt to Jerusalem (significant holy land) -General Edmund Allenby enters Jerusalem, Dec 1917 - symbolic victory, say in wahts to happen next |
|
GB in Jersualem
|
@ same time GB is trying to sew dissent/nationalism/unrest in Ottoman empiore to weaken their war efforts
|
|
Lawrence of Arabia
|
- T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) - Colonel in army and archiologist = tries to get Arabs to fight turkish ottomans.
|
|
Sharif Hussein Bin Ali
|
Kind of the Heshemites (ruling tribe in arabian peninsula), works w/ Lawrence
- hes in control of the Hejaz (strip of Arabian peninsula) |
|
Lawrence and Sharif Hussein Bin Ali
|
good to work w/ him beause he has 2 pros on his side
1) ruler of 2 most holy cities, Mecca and Medina = power in Islamic world 2) claims ancestry directly from Muhammed - Islamic prophet. = speaks on behalf of Arabs - Allies w/ GB and decalres himself the Calip and declares Jihad on the Ottomans. |
|
Promise to Arabs
|
July 1915 to March 1916 negotations
-Sir Henry McMahon = high commissioner negotiates w/ Hussein to start revolt. => Promises: 1) british will help arabs create an independent Arab state after war ends if they rise against ottomans. |
|
Zionist Movement
|
@ the same time GB is involved in the International Zionist movement led by Theodor Herzel (covered the Dreyfus Affiar in France)
-wrote book The Jewish State -1897 chairs meeting of Int. Zionist Swtizerland. -Zionists want Palestine/Israel bc its signficiant to them |
|
Palestine
|
Palestine is under Ottoman control
-approached sultan but he rejected it -no need for jewish state, they could just live in ottoman empire - welcoming them. |
|
Uganda
|
-Approach GB - GB offers them Uganda = not keen on this (Uganda Plan)
|
|
Herzl Dies - new leader
|
Herzel dies in 1904 w/ Uganda plan
-after his death International Zionist Organization gets new leader = Dr. Chaim Weizmann (british jew) |
|
Dr. Chaim Weizmann
|
est good links w/ Arthur Balfour (Foreign Secretary)
-does this because hes involved w/ war effort bc hes a chemistry professor |
|
Zionist Palestine
|
British @ war w/ Ottomans -> Palestines a good idea and in British interest to help them establish this (strategic power/help protect Suez Canal)
|
|
Balfour
|
Idea to foster British support - get American jews involved, foster resetnment by all jews to lands they're in.
-Sentimental notion about bible and israel |
|
Balfour Declaration
|
Nov 2 1917 =
-est. Palestine as a Jewish homeland = not a state -concerned about breeching right of those who are already there -dont want this to be a reason to persecute jews anymore -> British recognize it as a home. -tension between what the British promised Arabs and Zionists |
|
Sykes-Picot Agreement
|
1917, deal w/ French
-Begin carving up areas of middle east bc they think they'll win -Palestine = international control -Syria = a zone = french -Iraq = b zone = british - red zone = british -blue zone = french control = all these agreements are published before the war ends by the Bolsheviks - to undermine capitalist imperial power. |
|
Paris Peace Conference: Prince Faisal, Zionists and Mandates
|
-Prince Faisal = Husseins son
-behalf of Arabs w/ Lawrence of Arabia -Zionists were there too -> plan to create mandates, LN controlled but French administered -laregely bc wilson doesnt want to see people gain colonies from war of democracy -a mandates = closest to self governing => 1920 - Conference in San Remo, Italy = Mandates officially drawn up |
|
British Mandates
|
British Mandate of Palestine is big and its chopped up
-west = palestine -east = transjordan -write into mandate = balfour declaration into Palestine but not into transjordan -1922 becomes official |
|
French Mandates
|
have religious problems
-Lebanon = Christians vs. Muslims -Prince Faisal is invited by Syria to become king of Syria before mandate is official -french take him out by force/war -kicked out and exiled to GB |
|
1920's + 1930's Immigration tension
|
Jewish immigration is a source of tension for GB
-jews can immigrate to Palestine - as time goes on the Jewish comunity creates a jewish society |
|
Herbert Samuel
|
Commissioner-Jewish
-wants to enforce Balfour |
|
Mohammad Amin Al-Husseini
|
Mufti of Jerusalem (Islamic/Arab/Muslim leader) = pan arab ideal
- thorne in British side |
|
2 Factions of Jewish Movement: 1) David Ben-Gurion
|
Leader of practical/labor zionism
-agricultural/communal -non-violence |
|
2 Factions of Jewish Movement: 2) Smaller Group - Revisionist Zionism
|
Small group-revisionist zionism
-led by Vladimir Jabotinsky -militant -take what they can get by force -more forceful assertion against arabs |
|
Jewish immigration rises
|
-tension w/ arabs
-arabs have support all around -anti-zionism -Hitler exascerbates this in 1933 - allows German jews to go to Palestine |
|
Riots
|
1933 = outbreaks of riots
|
|
The Great Uprising
|
1936 = riots, terrorism, fighting, robberies
-situation becomes untenable for GB so they look for a solution -1936: worried about hitler |
|
Royal Peel Commission Plan, 1937
|
-idea of making 2 separate states: Jewish and Arab states
-holy cities will be open to both - under GB rule (nobody is happy w/ this) |
|
White Paper Policy
|
1939 - White Paper Policy statement by GB
-1 single secular state -Balfour Decl. did what it had to -restrict further immigration to 75,000 in next 5 years (1/3 of total population) -any further immigration needs to be approved by Arabs -> both sides reject this -WWII breaks out and GB forget about Palestine |
|
Drawing the Map of the Middle East: The Cairo Conference
|
1921
-Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister) -leads Arab "experts" to try to draw up borders in Cairo -TE Lawrence = British rep |
|
Gertrude Bell
|
-Gertrude Bell - influential w British and Hesshimites
-convinces Churchill that they need to make a system where it looks like they're running themselves -Prince Faisal is made king of Iraw -King Abdula (Husseins son) is king in transjordan - British think this is a good idea |
|
Faisal to Mesopotamia (Iraq)
|
-king
-bell is his advisor -Iraq = -nationalist iraquiis = see fiasal as a british puppet, british support faisal completely -GB is interested in oil - maintain control |
|
Rebellion in Iraq
|
Rebellion breaks out in 1920s and continue on a low level thru out mandates
-gb uses bombs to control people |
|
Problem: Border of Iraq
|
-Percy Cox = commissioner draws border
-draws border w/ Kuwait -Kuwait = british protectorate -blow to Iraq = Kuwait is apart of them and blocks access to persian gulf |
|
Curd Minority
|
look for a separate state
-bc they're incorporated into syria, iraq and turkey |
|
Iraq gets "Independence"
|
from GB in 1932
-GB remains involved |
|
Abdullah in Transjordan
|
-given throne as reward for help in war
-same situation as iraq -dependent on GB -Abdullah is broad - wants a much larger pan-arab area -seen as a puppet -transjordan gets independence in 1946 and becomes jordan in 1949 -highly tied to GB |
|
Saudi Arabia, 1932
|
2 forces want leadership
1) West Arabia - Sharif Hussain 2) Saud |
|
Aziz Ibn Saud
|
-Wants arabian peninsula
-@ war until 1925 -1925 Saud defeats Hussein (Husseins sons couldnt help him-dont want tension) -Until 1932 he tries to bring warring clans together -1932 decalres teh state of Saudi Arabia -lots of oil - attracts US interest |
|
Persia
|
had been long independent
-before WWI Russia and GB are in conflict over Persia -> route to India and outlet to Persian gulf |
|
1906 Anglo Russian Entente
|
-settle problem by dividing it into spheres
-north = russia -middle = neutral (controlled by Reza Shah Pahlavi) -south = british |
|
Oil found in Persia
|
-middle stays neutral until oil is found by GB
-they want control so they go into neutral zone -Pahlavi has complete control of Persia in 1925-becomes Shah w/ British Interests -renames the country Iran -modernize/westernize/control -cont to rely on British - run oil -Anglo-Persian oil company formed -britian becomes incrasingly predominant in Iran |
|
Turkey
|
-Mustafa Kemal-Ataturk
-Ottoman empire is still in existance until 1922-1923. |
|
Treaty of Sev
|
=treaty w/ Ottoman Empire
-wanted to divide turkey up/as well as the rest of the empire -assign spheres of influence = greek/italian/british/french => enormous resentment in Turkey. |
|
Resentment in Turkey
|
-turkish nationalist movment led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk = not pleased by treaty of Sev
-As greeks arrive to take West-Kemal attacks and war breaks out. |
|
National Identity in turkey
|
-Kemal is pushing turkish national identity (not Ottoman identity)
-by 1922 hes thrown Greeks, Italians and French out =forms modern day Turkey |
|
Ataturk does..(modernization, official turkey)
|
-does away w/ vestiges of Ottoman empire -> modernization
-By Oct 1923 Ottoman empire is gone, and official Turkey exists. |
|
Treaty of Lausanne
|
1923
-Turkey refuses to sign treaty of Sev -1923 Turkey is established |
|
Kemal's ideals: Secular, westernized
|
-fosters turkish nationalism
-1922 last Sultan leaves -1924 abolishes Caliphate (spiritual islamic leader) = secular, not islamic -insists on secularity -changes alphabet = westernized -civil rights -military modernization -european orientation = turkey is apart of europe |
|
The European War 39-41
|
-by mid 1939 Stalin concludes the British and French shouldnt be relied upon
-Nazi-Soviet Non-agression pact (1939) -solves the threat of a 2 front war, hilter wants to go east, helps stalin bc troops are purged. -Hitler and Soviet decide to divide Poland |
|
Invasion of Poland
|
Sept 1. 1939 -Hitler uses pretext: Mistreatment of Germans in Danzig, Poland (Polish corridor).
-invades Poland Sept 1939 (had invaded Czech March, 1939). = British pledge to defend Poland, France has an alliance w/ them (1921) -offer German an ultimatum and on Sept. 3 1939 - French and GB declare war on germany |
|
Blitzkreig
|
Hitler uses "lightning war" = tanks, planes, etc at a fast rate and then infantry
= effective -Poles hold out for 2 weeks (1 million men = 1/2 mobilized) |
|
Stuka Dive Bomber Planes
|
lead attacks and then tanks then infantry
|
|
Polish #s
|
1/2 million poles vs. 2 million german and italian
-Polish Cavalry 1939 = ineffective, horses vs. bombs -british and french didnt come to help -french are busy preparing for invasion at the maginot line. |
|
Russians Join War
|
Russians join the war 2 weeks after invasion (800,000 men) -> Poland ceases to exist Sept 1939.
-The Balkans are annexed to SU |
|
The Phony War
|
Nothing is happening, everyone is sitting around waiting
-Hitler wants to attack asap -everyone is preparing for war bc hitler will attack spring 1940. |
|
French Maginot Line (Phony War)
|
-french think trenchwarfare will be in place agian
-Maginot line is too short, not enough money -think the forest is impassible and no line at the franco-belgium frontier -germany is preparing along border, french is in defensive position. |
|
Scandinavian Interlude
|
-in the mean time the British decide they can stop Hitler before he starts
-Scandenavia + Norway = plan a naval plan in Norway bc Germany isnt self suffient and bring iron ore from neutral Sweden thru Baltic sea (freezes during winter) |
|
Sweden, Norway...
|
Sweden transports the ore to the Norweigan Port of Navic (In Norway) for germany
-Germans go thru Norweigan waters to get it, british want to end this. |
|
Occupy Navic
|
GB occupies Navic and employs troops in Norway
= disaster, not secretive Hitler knows. |
|
Hitler declares war on Norway and Denmark
|
-invades both on the same day
= pushes GB out and gets access to all needed raw materials and establish bases/ports along coast -> Threat to N. Britain and Scotland. |
|
Chamberlain is booted
|
Chamberlain is booted by the Conservative party and is replaced by Wintston Churchill.
|
|
Churchill
|
-very aggressive, becomes prime minister may 10 1940
|
|
May 10, 1940
|
Hitler invades France = assumed he'd repeat the Schlieffen plan
-Germany's plan = -forces sent thru ardennes forest -troops sent up to the Netherlands/and south -> traps GB and French in N.France (end up in Port Dunkirk). |
|
British Evacuation
|
-British begin operation to get all forces out - ferry off.
-all ships used to get them back to england. -Hitler is assaulting them but doesnt make a great scale attack. -Hitler doesnt want to go to war w/ GB, hes going to try to make a deal w/ them. |
|
France: to fight or not to fight?
|
-France needs to decide whether to fight or make a deal.
|
|
Conflicting views (2)
|
1) Prime minister Paul Reynaud = wants to fight
2) Marshall Henri-Philippe Petain = wants to make a deal -June 25, 1940= French sign an armistice w/ Germany (6 week war) |
|
Result of Armistice
|
-French disarmed
-french fleet sent away -pay in raw materials -divide france into 2 parts 1) North = german occupation and control 2) south = france, govt based in Vichy - so france can cnot to control foreign position/possessions. |
|
Vichy Government
|
Vichy government is the recognized govt in france = hitler can keep some diplomatic relations instead of completely taking over.
|
|
Vichy France Vs Free France
|
De Gaulle is in london and sets up a french government in exile = declares a free french govt.
-Vichy govt is recognized so hes up against this -British arent fond of Vichy Govt -> attack and destroy french fleet bc they dont want hitler to take it over. -vichy government is forced to pay germnay in raw materials and deport jews -> pain in ass, de gaulle gains popularity. |
|
Hitler approaches GB w/ a deal
|
Hitler approaches GB w/ a deal -> not concered w/ GB's empire.
-Churchill rejects this and continues fighting -1940 - Hitler plans an invasion of Britain |
|
The Plan: The Battle of Britain, 1940
|
-Herman Goring in charge of German air force = needs superiority over GB -> bomb british air fields and aircraft construction centers
-Hitler accepts plan and waves of german air attacks - July to Sept 1940 -> pretty successful. |
|
Change in plan
|
Sept to Dec tactics change = bomb british cities -> reprisal bc British attack on Berlin, Aug 1940 (which was a reprisal for attacking London)
-Germans terrorize civilian populations to put pressure on govt. -doesnt work - churchill is able to galvanize british public. |
|
British Radar screen
|
The British have a radar screen around britain (huge advtg).
-know when they're being attacked so they can save fuel/planes by only attacking when german planes are close -> britain has better quality planes = huge advtg. => 1st defeat for Nazi's bc Hitler cant invade GB(stalemate) |
|
America: Front Isolation to Intervention
|
-US is neutral
-neutrality acts = were made after spanish civil war + bc of wwi (congress doesnt want us in war). |
|
Edward R Murrow
|
broadcasts from GB to the US
-roosevelt is sentimental -GB sways public opinion |
|
Loop hole in neutrality acts
|
= up to president to decide
-> Battle of Britain, 1940 US gives GB 50 bombers (got 10 bases in Western Hemisphere for 99 years for this trade). |
|
March 1941 Lend Lease Act
|
repeals Neutrality acts and gives us the right to help beligerant countries (esp. SU and GB)
-> enormous aid to GB and SU (most isnt repaid) |
|
Operation Barbarossa
|
Spring 1941 = Hitler invades SU (where real intentions are)
= 3 prong attack on SU -3 million soldiers are attacking -German forces dont meet that much resistance - Stalin Retreats = Dec 1941 terrible winter sets in and conditions are really bad. |
|
The Pacific Region in the 30's
|
Japan is emerging as a strong power in the East.
|
|
A "Monroe Doctrine" for the Far East
|
-China is a threat and opportunity for Japan
-nationalist party led by Shek = threat -Japan needs to attack before China gets too strong -Mow Doctrine = Japanese Monroe Doctrine |
|
Japan invades Manchuria
|
-they already control S. Manchuria railraod, finances, etc.
-Kwantung army = japanese army in manchuria have conflict w/ Shek army. |
|
1931 Chinese damage railraod @ Mukden (S. Manchuria)
|
-> pretext for occupying forecefully in manchuria
=raw materials, arable land, population outlet. -Claim that this will help keep bolshevism out of manchuria. -Japanese work w/ manchurians who want to be indep. |
|
New Country created..
|
= Manchukuo
-Emporer Puyi is put on throne (last emporer) -Japanese puppet state - by 1930 democratic push is over and military is in power |
|
League of Nations
|
- Indication of aggression according to the League
-the League investigates and sends the Lytton Commission = file report about situation = Japanese are aggressors/violaters but Chinese govt is at fault. -Japan gives 2 year notice about leaving the league (out in 1934). => League wont allow mail from manchukuo = totally useless. |
|
U.S. response
|
-US isnt a member of leauge
-Hoover is furious and comdemn the Japanese. -> Respond diplomatically w/ Henry Stimpton |
|
Stimpton Doctrine
|
US will not recognize manchukuo and they wont recognize any state established by force.
|
|
The Sino-Japanese War 1937-1941
|
-consolidating power
-tension for shek -undeclared war = pushes for power |
|
nationalists vs. japanese during war
|
1932 - Shangahi - nationalists vs. Japanese -> testing europeans bc Shanghai was an international city.
-probing chinese until 1937 to see how europe will react -1937 Incidient at the Marco Polo Bridge (China Proper) Japan soldiers vs nationalists => becomes a full scale war in sept 1937. -war 1937-1945 -japanese forces push further and further down coast = gruesome and massacre upon chinese |
|
The Two Chinas
|
1) Nationalist Government in Chunking in South (Shek/nationalists)
-Chinese communist party spread randomly thru china (1934 shek turns against them) 2) Chiang at Manchukuo |
|
Mao and Communists
|
begin the long march to gather forces and make way to Yeanen = takes months to do this, hero among communists.
-once in Yeanen he changes tactics -> appeal to peasantry/poor (not working class) = effective. -nationalists apeal to Americans (Shek uses wife Madam Shek to get US help, spoke english, college in us, christian) = face of china. |
|
Roosevelt
|
cant intervene because of neutrality acts but sends aid and money.
|
|
Retired Maj General Calire Lee Chenault
|
sent over to fight for china (fighter planes)
-volunteer help -japanese get frustrated. |
|
Indochina
|
when france is occupied japan occupies north indochina
-> the US impose embargos on Japanese - scrap metal (1940). -Japan not sure what to do next - running out of oil |
|
Japanese are convinced they need self sufficiency: 1) Siberia
|
Invade siberia (attack SU) after Hitler had - advocated by army
|
|
Japanese are convinced they need self sufficiency: 2) Navy led
|
led by navy, want to go south, conquer all european colonies to get what they need = asian co-prosperity sphere -> free trade, Japan has access to all resources.
- this option wins out. |
|
Non Agression pact w/ SU
|
April 1941, Sign a non aggression pact w/ SU -> no northern threat, head south.
|
|
take the rest of indochina
|
-July 1941 they take the rest of Indochina - US respond by oil embargo.
-discussion until winter 1941 |
|
Pearl Harbor
|
-go south = navy plays a huge role -> in order ot not expose navy from potential threat they attack pearl harbor.
- Dec. 7, 1941 = Attack on pearl harbor => prompts Roosevelt for a declaration of war. -US has entered war so Germany declares war on US (no reason to do this) -Japan starts their invasions (esp. GB colonies) and War begins w/ GB and the US. |
|
The Failure of Operation Barbarossa
|
German invasion of Soviet Russia
-war expands considerably -the soviet is crucial to Hitlers plan for living space in the east (Russia, Poland, Ukraine) =largest military expedition in history (3,300 tanks, 2,000 bombers) |
|
3 prong attack on:
|
North - leningrad
Middle - Moscow South - Ukraine, Georgia (oil), Stalingrad (symbolic) |
|
Soviets are surprised by the attack
|
Stalin had ignored warnings because 1) he didnt think hed break the pact after only 2 years 2) felt that the british were trying to trick him (germans tellt he Russians this is whats going on).
|
|
Hitlers claims for mobilizing
|
When hitler is mobilizing he claims hes moving to protect against British bombers and to trick the British into thinking they're attacking the Soviet.
|
|
Battle breaks out
|
Red army is a mess following the purges of teh 1930's (officer core is purged on massive scale).
-when battle breaks out Hitler makes enormous progress (Blitzkreig) = takes prisoners, gets 50% of SU industrial and agricultural land. |
|
Germans haulted by winter.
|
-Stalin - Many on E. Frotier welcome Hitler because they dont like the Russians either.
-By Dec. 1941 - weather is so bad that the German army is haulted (dont take Moscow, Leningrad is under seige from 41-44). -reason for hault: thought the campaign wouldnt last as long, german military doesnt have enough winter supplies. -russians mobilized quicker than expected. -blitzkrieg cant work in winter -this campaign coincides w/ the Holocaust. |
|
3 Phases against the racially inferior: 1) Deporting
|
1933-Winter 1941: Campaign of deporting as many as possible
-concentration camps = trans-shipment camps. -SS used for communist threat |
|
3 Phases against the racially inferior: 2) Extermination
|
After failure of Barbarossa = campaign to exterminate mass populations.
-Einsatzgrupper = elite German guards (SS) = responsible for going into new territories after troops move out and exterminating natives. -individual execution = demoralizing for troops so they begin using a new method of mass killing (carbon monozide - then gas) -by winter 1941 no jews allowed to leave. |
|
3 Phases against the racially inferior: 3) Final Solution
|
Final solution to the jewish question
-holocaust and wholescale extermination -death camps. |
|
Reinhard Heydrich
|
SS officer put in charge
|
|
Wansee Conference
|
January 1942
-organize a large scale jewish extermination (many people-anyone who could help in effort) -plan= deportation to concentration camp -> 1) forced labor/starvation, 2) killed at death camps outright (esp for Jews). -death camps are in poland -industrial method used. |
|
Germany declares war on the US
|
Dec. 11, 1941 Hitler declares war on the US
-Hitler blames the US for leaning to far in favor of GB -Hitler is not obliged to declare war because of Japan (3 power pact of axis = only if attacked) -> wanted japan to decalre war on the soviet, doesnt happen. |
|
The US economy on a wartime footing
|
U.S economy switches over to a war time economy-> huge effect on depressed economy
-12 million men drafted - open up jobs to minorities, women and unemployed. -supplying Lend-Lease aid to GB and Soviet ($15-20 billion, $10 billion) |
|
Problem with supplying aid to SU
|
supplying aid is thru Iran -> problem = the Sha of Iran is friendly w/ Germans
-US action against him and overthrow Reza Pahlevi -Son, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi put in charge -> Sept 1943 declare war on Germany = new promise: iran will get its independence after war. |
|
The Grand Alliance: Military and Political Tension
|
-always tension within grand alliance: churchill, stalin and fdr.
-Churchill calls this alliance an alliance of english speaking peoples (alienates the SU) |
|
Goal tension
|
August 1941, Churchill and FDR meet in complete secrecy and produce the Atlantic Charter = outlined war goals.
-doesnt include su |
|
The Atlantic Charter
|
-no territorial gains
-self determination -trade barriers lowered -global economic cooperation and adv. of social welfare -freedom of seas -freedom from want and fear -disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar common disarmament -wilson 14 pts rhetoric =not compliant w/ SU goals -> this is democratic. -signed by SU sept 1941 |
|
Stalin wants a 2nd front
|
-Stalin wants a 2nd front
-by the end of 1941 the SU is engaged w/ 90% of German force. |
|
U.S. joining war conditions
|
-U.S. joins war and they will pursue a europe 1st policy (Hitler then japan)
-US fights a holding game on japan = have to wait until Germany is defeated. -US doesnt get into fight fast. |
|
The North African Diversion: GB in Africa and Stalin's assumptions
|
-The British are fighting Germany in North Africa (Libya and Egypt).
-Stalin doesnt think GB or US care - they're waiting for fascist vs communist to weaken each other until they can take over and rid of both. |
|
Took GB awhile to join and start a 2nd front: 3 reasons
|
1) German Uboats in Atlantic = huge threat
2) Not militarily ready 3) Churchill was so concerned with Gallipoli failure - too terrible to plan another water attack. |
|
Took GB awhile to join and start a 2nd front: GB prefers..
|
-to prepare an attack on the soft underbelly of Italy and Germany in North Africa -> under Vichy control.
-good jumping off point to attack Italy (weak point). |
|
Russia Counterattacks
|
Spring - Hitler's chance to assault SU again -> Stalingrad (cant get it) -> turning point in war
-Russians are finally able to knock Germans out and 1st time they can launch a successful counterattack (Sept 1943) |
|
Operation Torch
|
November 1942
-Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria (Vichy Controlled) -> goals to get Sicily and to relieve troops fighting against Italy and Germany in Libya. -British General Montgomery and German General Rommel are fighting. -> significant defeat for Germany because they maintained Rommel from taking the Middle East, Suez cnal or linking up w/ Japs thru india. -Hitler occupies all of France and US and GB ready to go to Italy. |
|
Casablanca Conference
|
FDR, De gaulle (vichy france) and churchill meet in Casablanca conference, jan 1943.
-Stalin invited but doesnt attend Goals: -pursue the unconditional surrender of the axis -agree to help the SU asap -agree on the invasion of italy and sicily -landing in france in spring 1944 (D Day). |
|
Tehron Conference
|
Nov - Dec 1943
-Stalin is annoyed that they're not making a 2nd front - feels GB is using the US to maintain empire, Op. Torch had no purpose. -Stalin, Churchill and FDR meet in Tehran and dissolve tensions. = a 2nd front will open in 1944. -Stalin pledged to join the war against japan in due course once germany is defeated. -Stalin presses for a sphere of influence in E. Europe and redrawing of polands borders (wants friendly neighbors and a buffer) -roosevelt broaches the idea of a United Nations against Axis (Replace LN) |
|
Assault on Sicily & Invasion of Italy
|
Sicily - Summer 1943
Italy - Sept 1943 -Mussolini is overthrown by King and communist counsel -> want new leadership to make peace w/ GB and US but fight w/ Germany because of fear of Hitler |
|
Italy surrenders
|
Italy surrenders to US and GB
-German officers rescue Mussolini and reinstall him as a leader in N.Italy (Dependent on Germany) -killed in 1945 -success in italy after much fighting. |
|
Operation Overload
|
General Dwight D. Eisenhower is in charge of operation - landings in normandy.
-Hitler knows they're coming and puts fortifications up (Rommel in charge - kills himself after hes caught plotting against hitler) -forifications - German Atlantic wall -Eisenhower puts in place a massive deception plan -? Dover to Caly build a dummy army -froces massing along South GB and Germans expect this attack. |
|
DDay Landings
|
June 1944 US, GB and Canadians land => enormous sucess.
-control of French port and superiority = bad for Germans. |
|
Germans being pushed out!
|
De Gaulle liberates Paris - August 1944
-Germans are on the defensive and are being pushed out of Western Europe. |
|
Possible conflict between SU and US and GB: Percentage agreement
|
-Chruchill is worried about a SU conflict against the US and GB.
-goes to Moscow in 1944 and works out the Percentage Agreement - divide up europe. -Romania = 90/10 Russia -Greece = 90/10 GB -Yugoslavia = 50/50 -Bulgaria = 80/20 Russia -Hungary = 80/20 Russia - US agrees |
|
The Yalta Conference
|
February 1945 = big 3 get together
|
|
The Yalta Conference: 4 occupation zones, dimilitarization of germany, su join war against japan
|
-unconditional surrender
-Germany will be split into 4 occupation zones (US, GB, French, Russia) -Churchill is worried about Stalin -Germany is dimilitarized and dinazied. -su agrees to join war against japan 90 days after germany is defeated |
|
The Yalta Conference: Reparations
|
-reparations = russia is adament $20 billion = half given to soviets.
|
|
The Yalta Conference: Poland
|
-Poland can have free/democratic elections (bc as theyre liberating they're putting communist gov tin control - US and GB dont want this)
-As russians move into Poland, Polish officials are killed @ Katyn Forest Massacre. -border of Poland back to where it was set post WWI, Russia annexes east half and Poland annexes east Germany (borders shifted over) = The Curzon line. |
|
The Potsdam Conference
|
July-August 1945
-Germany returns to its pre-1937 borders -demiliterization, denazification, democratization and declartelization (no corporate germany) -division of germany and austria into 4 occupation zones -prosecution of nazi war criminals (nuremburg trials) -expulsion of the german population remaining beyond the borders of germany -reparations (bulk goes to Russians) = zonal reparations cant take from ally zones. |
|
Pearl Harbor
|
Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7 1941
-secret attack by Japan -US had cracked the Japanese naval code - knew something was going to happen the morning of, sent a warning that arrived too late -success for japs except the US carriers werent there -2,335 lives lost, 68 civilians -lose 4 battleships and 4 destroyers -190 plans -japs lose 5 submarines and 29 planes |
|
The Fullest Extent of Japanese Expansion, Winter-Spring 1942
|
-they have burma, singapore, thailand, dutch east indies, new guinea, attacking N. Austrailia
|
|
Maintence - oil
|
by the Spring 1942 the ability of maintenence depends on oil.
|
|
Play an anti-imperial role
|
-as japan moves thru european colonies they play an anti-imperial role to native
|
|
The greater east asia co-prosperity sphere
|
The greater east asia co-prosperity sphere = japanese imperialism, the rhetoric of expansion
"liberating" peoples from colinzers -> create an interdependent, self-sufficient sphere. = benefits japan - set up new govts = japanese puppets. |
|
Racial superiority
|
Japaense have a racial superiority complex about selves over whitse and other asians (japs are master race/Yamato Race)
-try to japanify nations -forced labor, torture, execution |
|
Lowpoint for US and GB
|
-for gb and us = low pt in pacific area
-gb fears india is next (link for jap and germany) -independence movement in india - led by Gandhi, non-violence -Japs create an indian nationalist army (fascist) -led by Bose w/ Indian prisoners |
|
The Domestic Reaction in the US to Pearl Harbor
|
-Pearl harbor = symbol for US war effort
-emotional response that assumed a racial character toward the Japanese |
|
Stereotypes
|
-short sited and inner ear deficiency.
-racial images emerge: vermon, rats, inhuman, snakes, apes -> rarely see racialization in american propoganda about germany (only hilter and nazis) -no distinction between rulers and peoples in Japan. -Japanese have stereotypes about whites. |
|
After Pearl harbor change in stereotype
|
after pearl harbor there is a change from comical to superhuman.
|
|
Internment and exclusion zones
|
Internment of 110,00 Japanese in West Coast, US
-executive orders 9066, February 19, 1942 -> called for the establishment of exclusionary zones for certain pouplations by military along west coast -cant visit/or live there -Japense internment camp, Topaz Utah |
|
The American Counteroffensive in the Pacific
|
-not considered a decisive offensive (defensive)
-2 prong attack 1) from Peral Harbor to Midway 2) from Australia. |
|
Battle of Coral Sea
|
summer 1942 - inconclusive
-proves aircraft carriers are important |
|
Battle of Midway
|
-1st conclusive battle occurs at Midway isles outside of Japanese Control
-1st major/important engagement -turning pt in favor of US -June 4-7, 1945 -Major japanese defeat - lost 4 carriers = evens odds bc japense were ahead w/ more carriers. |
|
Tables Turn
|
Japanese dont engage w/ US as able as they were before
-US can begin in the pacific -island hopping campaign (2 prong), work north to japan, liberating isle on the way (=airstrips for bombardment on japanese). |
|
Battle of the Philippines
|
-most important battle
-MacArthur returns to liberate them in Oct 1942 - isles allows this =bloody, verocioius battle. |
|
Okanawa and Iwojima
|
-early 1945
-showed what it takes to win war, very bloody -invasion of Main isles would be very costly - approx 1 million casualties - too much for FDR to consider. |
|
Fanatical Japanese natives/troops
|
Japanese natives/troops are fanatical
-suicide cliff, Saipan 1944 -kill themselves instead of being taken by americans -many die in battles -Kamikaze attacks (divine wind) japs crash planes into carriers => Japanese wont surrender |
|
Potsdam Declaration, July-Aug 1945
|
what to do w/ Germany and japan (pacific war)
-desire to end war asap w/ least amount of lives lost -unconditional surrender = complicates efforst to end war -> alternative prompt or utter destruction |
|
galvanized japanese
|
Those in japan who dont want to surrender are strengthened because now they have nothing to lose
-they wanted to keep their emporer in throne but bc this wont be allowed they are galvanized. |
|
Churchill defeated
|
Atley (Labor Party) becomes British primse minister in 1945
|
|
Prompt and utter destruction
|
-prompt and utter destruction - Truman hears that July 16, 1945 US successfully tested an atomic bomb in New Mexico (he is empowered)
-truman didnt know about the manhatten project until he was president |
|
Atomic Bomb
|
-seen as beginning with a letter by Albert Einstein written by Leo Szilard => germans are building bombs (they actually werent)
-letter says be aware that this is a possibility, Germ is interested in Uranium in Czech. |
|
Manhatten Project
|
concentrated efforst in 1942
-under military control of General Leslie Groves -Scientific control = Robert Oppenheimer -Los Alamos, New Mexico. |
|
Manhatten Project efforts
|
pre-dominantly American affair - dont tell the soviets
-couple people were sympathetic w/ the soviets = Klaus Fuchs and Ted Hall -lots of people working on project |
|
nuclear reaction
|
Sept 1942 1st sustaining nuclear chain reactino @ chicago by Ferni
|
|
Trinity Test
|
July 16, 1945 = 1st test, Almagordo New Mexico
-plutonium instead of uranium. = complete success -truman is informed of this and tells stalin he has a powerful new weapon (stalin is not that surprised) |
|
Atomic diplomacy
|
beginning of atomic diplomacy - Us is the only one with a bomb until 1949
-designed for used against germany. |
|
The End of the War in the far east: Hiroshima and Tokyo Bay
|
-unconditional surrender, no conditions
-japanese blockade, US superiority -by Aug 1945 Japan is crippled |
|
bomb decision
|
@ Potsdam atomic bomb decision is made
-use it on Japan -2 bombs: Hiroshima (Little Boy Uranium) and Nagasaki (Fat Man Plutonium) |
|
August 6, 1945
|
Enola Gay leaves Timian Isles leaves for Hiroshima
-Pilot Paul Tibbete -Hiroshima wasnt a military significant area, no pow count there, surrounded by mts. -dropped august 6 at 8 am => 80,000 instantly dead 50,000 wounded or missing |
|
August 8, 1945
|
Stalin enters war against japan because of Yalta conference
-SU invades Manchuria |
|
August 9, 1945
|
2nd bomb on Nagasaki
-74,000 dead -70,000 wounded or missing |
|
August 14, 1945
|
Japan ultimately surrdenders
-MacArthur accepts this Sept 2, 1945 on USS Missouri -emporer announces this -truman feels he had fulfilled FDR's legacy |
|
Walker Myth
|
there is a choice between using the bomb or invading japan -> not true, there are many other options.
|
|
Walker Myth: Option 1) modification of unconditional surrender
|
Japanese would've surrendered if they modified unconditional surrender (emperor stay on throne)
|
|
Walker Myth: Option 2) continue bombing and blockade
|
Continue conventional bombing and continue effective blockade (starve them)
-problem: too slow of a method/less humane |
|
Walker Myth: Option 3) Wait for soviets
|
wait for soviets to join the war
-problem: dont want to share japan w/ soviets, dont need the soviets (japanese troops are spread out and cant get back to japan) |
|
Walker Myth: Option 4) Use bomb in unhabited area as a demonstration
|
Use bomb in unhabited area as a demonstration then offer them an ultimatem.
-problem: one bomb down, might not effect japan - may not surrender, doesnt have the same psychological effect on isle as on a city/population |
|
Why they decide to drop the bomb: 1)atomic diplomacy
|
atomic diplomacy = intimidate the soviets
|
|
Why they decide to drop the bomb: 2)end the war
|
end the war asap
|
|
Why they decide to drop the bomb: 3) save lives
|
save american lives
|
|
Why they decide to drop the bomb: 4) no reason not to
|
no reasons not to use the bomb - dealing w/ the beast, no moral/sympathetic feelings w/ scum.
|
|
Why they decide to drop the bomb: 5) Justification
|
wanted to justify the costs, time, effort, put into the manhatten project = accountable to congress/american people
|