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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal RBC count
Men: Women: |
RBC Count
Men: 4.6-6.2 x 10 /mm Women: 4.2-5.4 x 10 /mm |
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Normal Hemoglobin (Hb) level
Men: Women: |
Hemoglobin (Hb) level
Men: 13.5-16.5 g/dl Women: 12-15 g/dl |
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Normal Hematocrit level
Men: Women: |
Hematocrit (Hct) level
Men: 40-54% Women: 38-47% |
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Normal WBC Count
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Normal WBC Count
4500-11,500/mm |
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Normal Platelet Count
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Normal Platelet Count
150,000-400,000/mm |
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Define Leukocytosis
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Elevation of the WBC count
(normal WBC count: 4500-11,500/mm ) |
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Define Leukopenia
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WBC count below the normal value
(normal WBC count: 4500-11,500/mm ) |
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What type of cell make up the majority of the circulating WBC's?
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Neutrophils 40-75%
and Lymphocytes 20--45% |
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A significant (>15,000/mm ) increase in the WBC count indicates what type of WBC is responding to the abnormality?
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Neutrophils or Lymphocytes
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What type of WBC is elevated with bacterial infections?
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Neutrophils
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What type of WBC is elevated with viral infections?
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Lymphocytes
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Which WBC is elevated with the presence of trauma?
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Neutrophils
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Which WBC is associated with allergic reactions?
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Eosinophils/Basophils
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Which WBC is elevated with the presence of TB or other chronic infections?
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Monocytes
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Define neutrophilia
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Elevation of the absolute value of neutrophils
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Define neutropenia
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A decreased neutrophil count
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When bacterial pneumonia is present, which WBC can help to evaluate the severity of the infection?
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Severity of infection in bacterial pneumonia is assessed by the degree of increase in neutrophils
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Define anemia
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an abnormally low RBC count (RBC's carry oxygen)
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What does anemia suggest about the patient?
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anemia suggests that either RBC production in bone marrow is inadequate
or there has been excessive blood loss |
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Define polycythemia
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An abnormally elevated RBC count
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Why does polycythemia usually develop?
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as a result of chronically low blood oxygen levels in which the bone marrow is stimulated to produce extra RBC's
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How much hemoglobin is present in a healthy RBC?
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200-300 million molecules Hb per RBC; for a Hb level of 12-16 g/dl in healthy adult
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Low Hb concentration does what to the RBC
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RBC will be smaller then normal (microcytic) and lack normal color (hypochromic)
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What does microcytic hypochromic anemia suggest/
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oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to inadequate Hb concentration
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What is the hematocrit level?
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It is the ratio of RBC volume to that of whole blood
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When are low and high hematocrit levels common
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Low Hct: anemia
High Hct: polycythemia |
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What is a reflection of the hydration status of the patient
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the hematocrit level;
Dehydration the Hct level increases |
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What is the approximate ratio of hematocrit to hemoglobin
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Hematocrit to Hemoglobin ratio
3:1 |
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Define thrombocytopenia
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A significant reduction in platelet count
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What signifies a low platelet count in a patient
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easily bruises patient is also at a greater risk for hemorrhage.
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Normal sodium level in the blood
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Sodium
137-147 mEq/L |
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Normal Potassium level in the blood
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Potassium
3.5-4.8 mEq/L |
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Normal Blood urea Nitrogen level of the blood
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BUN
7-20 mg/dl |
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Normal Creatinine level in the blood
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Creatinine
0.7-1.3 mg/dl |
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Normal Albumin level of the blood
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Albumin
3.5-5.0 g/dl |
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Define Hyponatremia
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Low sodium level
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Define Hypokalemia
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Low serum potassium level
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Define Hypochloremia
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Low serum chloride
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What ion level of the body is increased with Cystic Fibrosis and can be detected from their sweat
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CF patients have elevated levels of Chloride in sweat because their body cannot reabsorb it
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What is the anion gap?
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Anion Gap - the difference between the concentration of Sodium (primary cation) and HCO3 & CL (primary anions)
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What is the normal anion gap?
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8-16 mEq/L
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What does an elevation of the anion gap indicate
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Metabolic Acidosis
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What does a widened anion gap indicate?
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metabolic acidosis
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What is creatine
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waste product formed by muscle metabolism
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What is the normal blood glucose level?
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70-110 mg/dl
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What is an abnormal elevation of the blood glucose level?
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Hyperglycemia
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The type of Diabetes associated with reduced insulin production
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Type I Diabetes
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The type of Diabetes associated with insulin resistance
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Type II Diabetes
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Which type of diabetes is usually aquired as an adult?
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Type II Diabetes (insulin resistant)
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What are the classic triad of systems associated with hyperglycemia?
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1. excessive thirst
2. excessive need to urinate 3. increased appetite |
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What is known as a reduced serum glucose level
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hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dl)
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How does anemia increase the risk for hypoxia?
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Anemia reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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What are the three types of cardiac cells capable of electrical excitation?
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1. Pacemaker cells (SA node, AV node)
2. Specialized radpidly conducting tissue (Purkinje fibers) 3. Atrial & Ventricular muscle cells |
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what are some causes of hypoglycemia?
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drug induced
associated w/digestive problem or treatment of diabetes inadequate intake of carbs |
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What is the gold standard for diagnosing diabetes?
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blood glucose level >140 mg/dl on two occasions
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how can you tell if a sputum sample is legitimate?
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there are few epithelial cells and many leukocytes (pus cells) present
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what are the three formed elements of the blood
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leukocytes (WBC's)
erythrocytes (RBC's) thrombocytes (platelets) |
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What is automaticity
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the ability of the impulse conducting system cells to depolarize without stimulation
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what is an ectopic beat
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any heartbeat that originates outside the SA node
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stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system has what effect on the heart rate
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increases heart rate
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