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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
the scientific study of the mind and behavior |
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Mind |
our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings |
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Behavior |
observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
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Nativism |
the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge |
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Philosophical empiricism |
the philosophical view that everything is acquired through experience |
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Phrenology |
A now defunct theory that's pecific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain |
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Consciousness |
A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Structuralism |
the analysis of the basic elements of the mind (Titchener) |
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Introspection |
the subjective observation of one’s own experience |
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Functionalism |
the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment (James) |
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Psychoanalytic theory |
Sigmund Freud’s approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the influence ofunconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors |
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Psychoanalysis |
A therapeutic approach thatfocuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
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Humanistic psychology |
an approach to understanding human that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
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Behaviorism |
An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior |
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Gestalt psychology |
A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |
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Cognitive psychology |
the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
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Behavioral neuroscience |
an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes |
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Cognitive neuroscience |
a field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive process and brain activity |
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Evolutionary psychology |
a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value ofabilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
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Social psychology |
a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior |
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Cultural psychology |
the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. |
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Empiricism |
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation |
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Scientific method |
a set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence |
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Theory |
a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon |
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Hypothesis |
a falsifiable prediction made by a theory |
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Empirical method |
a set of rules and techniques for observation |
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Operational definition |
a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms |
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Measure |
a device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers |
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Validity |
the extent to which a measurementand a property are conceptually related |
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Reliability |
the tendency for a measure toproduce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing |
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Power |
the ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition |
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Demand characteristics |
those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should |
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Naturalistic observation |
a technique forgathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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Double-blind |
an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed |
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Variable |
a property whose value can vary across individuals or over time |
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Correlation |
Two variables are said to ''be correlated'' when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other |
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Natural correlation
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A correlation observed in the world around us
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Third-variable correlation
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The fact that two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable |
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Third-variable problem |
The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occuring correlation them because of the ever-present possibility of a third-variable correlation |
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Experiment |
A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
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Manipulation
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The creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal powers |
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Independent variable |
The variable that is manipulated in the experiment |
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Experimental group |
The group of people who are treated in a particular way, as compared to the control group, in an experiment |
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Control group |
The group of people who are not treated in a particular way that the experimental group is treated in an experiment
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Dependent variable
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The variable that is measured in a study |
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Self-selection
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A problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group |
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Random assignment |
A procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group |
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Internal validity
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The characteristic of an experiment that establishes the causal Relationship between variables |
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External validity |
A property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical or realistic way |
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Population |
The complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured |
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Sample
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The partial collection of people drawn from a population |
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Case method |
A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual |
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Random sampling |
A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every memeber of a populationhas an equal chance of being included in the sample |
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Informed consent |
A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail |
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Debriefing |
A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study |
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Obsever bias
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When observers see what they expected to see or cause others to behave as they expected them to behave
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